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Crítica da razão eugênica: a educação para a consciência racial em Renato Kehl, Salvador de Toledo Piza Júnior e Octavio Domingues
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-06-19) Roitberg, Guilherme Prado; Gomes, Luiz Roberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4768579559449929; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8867-7897; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3993968379492241; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0338-2270
Defined by the English polymath Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) as the science of racial improvement, eugenics became popular among the Brazilian intellectual elite in the context of the First Republic. In the 1920s and 1930s, the “moderate” interpretations that conceived eugenics as synonymous with hygiene and sanitation were contested by the most radical wing of this movement, which envisioned the racial improvement of the population by combating the “degenerative threats” represented by blacks, mestizos, disabled and poor workers. Edited in Rio de Janeiro by the physician and pharmacist Renato Ferraz Kehl (1889-1974), the Boletim de Eugenia (1929-1933) became the largest journal specialized in the science of racial improvement in Brazil. In 1932 and 1933, its direction was taken over by professors from the Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ) Salvador de Toledo Piza Júnior (1898-1988) and Octavio Domingues (1897-1972). Transforming a propaganda newspaper into a scientific magazine, the two renowned geneticists from Piracicaba scientifically supported eugenics based on Mendelian genetics, guaranteeing the continuity of the popularization project started by Kehl. Starting from this historical context, with theoretical-methodological support in documentary and bibliographical research, we analyze the education for the eugenic conscience or racial conscience exposed in the articles, correspondences, lectures, and books published by the three Boletim de Eugenia's directors. We explain the epistemological foundations of lato sensu education envisaged by these intellectuals, contrasting them with the theoretical-critical diagnosis of the crisis of reason elaborated by Max Horkheimer (1895-1973). We found that the Horkheimerian argument that denounced the enlightened roots of eugenics remains fundamental to the understanding of what we call eugenic reason, that is, the instrumental and mythologized reason that enabled the dissemination of eugenics as a socially accepted science. We verified that the objectification and manipulation of sex by the instrumental reason, according to which marriage and sexual relations should be submitted to the laws determined by the enlightened intellectuality, constituted the core of the education for the eugenic conscience developed in the Boletim de Eugenia and, specifically, in the campaign undertaken by Kehl, Piza Júnior and Domingues. We demonstrate that the annulment of the subject from the reduction of the human being to his biological nature and the discourse of technical impartiality, by-products of the totalitarian face of the Enlightenment, founded the epistemological bases of the lato sensu education outlined by Galton and assimilated in a particular way by the three Boletim de Eugenia's directors. Finally, we question reductionist interpretations of the subject, such as the idea of eugenics as synonymous with conservatism, as a pseudoscience, as an irrationality dissociated from scientific progress, or as a surpassed past. We conclude with the proposition of the theoretical-critical model of eugenic reason for understanding the epistemological foundations of this science, according to which eugenics does not comprise a kind of return to barbarism, but precisely the triumph of enlightened progress.
Avaliação da fragilidade de pessoas idosas na atenção primária à saúde: análise fatorial exploratória da junção do Índice de Vulnerabilidade Clínico-Funcional-20 e da Avaliação Subjetiva da Fragilidade
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-06-19) Melo, Beatriz Rodrigues de Souza; Luchesi, Bruna Moretti; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3385433655310047; Gratão, Aline Cristina Martins; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7873339343111119; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0033841575062011
Although aging and sadness are somewhat linked, chronological age does not seem to be a single predictor of this condition. Measurement instruments play an important role in research, clinical practice and health assessment. Studies carried out on the quality of these instruments provide evidence of the behavior of the psychometric properties of the paths, which helps the researcher and the professional in choosing the best tool to use. In the elderly population, the patient can be identified in individuals who present a state of regulatory vulnerability, resulting from a diminished homeostatic reserve. Thus, identifying elderly people who are sick and at risk of frailty is of fundamental importance, constituting a public health priority at all levels of health care, as it can guide interventions to face the severity of the syndrome and minimize adverse effects. . Thus, the main objective of the thesis was to analyze two instruments for assessing the elderly in community-dwelling elderly, through the comparison and integration of the Clinical-Functional Vulnerability Index-20 (IVCF-20) and Subjective Frailty Assessment (ASF) scales. . To meet the main objective, the thesis was divided into two specific objectives, configured in two articles. The study sample comes from the collection carried out in 2018/2019 with 492 elderly people, in nine units of the Family Health Strategy in the municipality of Três Lagoas, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The objective of the first article was to evaluate the level of agreement between the IVCF-20 and the ASF to screen adolescents in elderly people. It was a descriptive, comparative and cross-sectional study. Protection was assessed using the IVCF-20 and the ASF and structured interview. For comparisons, Wilcoxon and Pearson's chi-square tests were performed. The results pleased low agreement of 35.4%, with an unacceptable Kappa coefficient of 0.11. Dichotomizing into resistant and non-frail elderly people, the concordance was moderately 70.1%, with a regular Kappa coefficient of 0.41 and Cronbach's alpha low for IVCF-20 of 0.61 and moderately for ASF 0.74. The prevalence of adolescents was lower in the IVCF - 20 (17.1%) and higher in the ASF (59.8%). It was concluded that the agreement between the two instruments ranged from low to moderate, highlighting the need to standardize the assessment to assess psychologists in community-dwelling elderly. The second article aimed to identify the presence of latent variables capable of explaining the variability between the IVCF-20 and ASF scales, through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Construct validity was analyzed using the EFA. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sample adequacy test (KMO = 0.80) and Bartlett's sphericity test (x2 = 2.441574e-140 p < 0.05) were used, and the best factorial solution consisted of extracting three factors. Regarding the factorial retention, eigenvalue > 1 was used. The extraction of factors was performed from an analysis in Maximum Likelihood and Promax rotation. As for reliability, it was calculated using Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.80). The significance level adopted was 0.05. The results suggest satisfactory psychometric qualities for the reduced version of the frailty assessment instrument from the IVCF-20 and ASF scales. The factorial analysis indicated that the thirteen items were distributed in three factors, explaining 83% of the variance of the data set, called "Physiological Reserve", "Functional Capacity" and "Cognition", in addition to excellent reliability indexes in each factor. The reduced and modified version with 13 and three domains showed better adaptation to the techniques used in the assessment of the construct and the IVCF-20 instrument presented a strong contribution in the reduced and modified version, with nine items and present in the three domains, while the ASF cooperated with four items and only in the "Physiological Reserve" domain. Through the EFA, the presence of three factors was observed, proving the multidimensionality of the reduced and modified version, which presented an appropriate value of Cronbach's Alpha. The results of this methodological study will help health professionals and researchers to select appropriate instruments to assess frailty in elderly people living in the community. With this, it is intended to contribute to the proposal of a single instrument, with rapid application aimed at primary care and thus allow the early screening of conditions that are unfavorable to the well-being and autonomy of the elderly, reiterating the importance of incorporating public policies without a curative character, focusing on preventive actions, enabling the active aging of the population.
Estruturação taxonômica e funcional da comunidade zooplanctônica e a ocorrência do Ceratium furcoides, um dinoflagelado invasor, em uma lagoa costeira subtropical dominada por cianobacterias
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-06-19) Santos, Renato Miziara Assef; Petrucio, Mauricio Mello; Rocha, Odete; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7577441794992601; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8353186013469289
The zooplankton community was studied in a subtropical coastal lagoon used for public supply and which has in its history, the limitation of nutrients and the dominance of cyanobacteria. The aim of the present study was to analyze the taxonomic composition and functional diversity of zooplankton, observing its spatial and temporal changes in Lagoa do Peri (Florianópolis-Santa Catarina), a coastal lagoon in the Brazilian South-Atlantic region. For that, monthly samplings of zooplankton and environmental variables were carried out in four regions of the lagoon, between January 2017 and December 2018. The zooplankton community was characterized by high density of rotifers, small cladocerans and copepods. Rotifers were responsible for more than 60% of the relative abundance of zooplankton in all sampling months. The total richness of the zooplankton community corresponded to 47 taxa with rotifers being the most abundant in all sampling points and periods. Both, spatial and temporal heterogeneity were evaluated. The presence and historical dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria in the Peri lagoon appear to be the main regulatory factors for zooplankton, exerting a bottom-up effect and favoring the dominance of rotifers. On the other hand, wind speed and water temperature influenced zooplankton diversity, being positively related to increased species richness and functional diversity. Functional richness (FRic) and functional uniformity (FEve) indicated that functional diversity of zooplankton in Lagoa do Peri is low, ranging from 0.1 to 0.5. Also, there was greater functional diversity in summer than in the winter. The functional divergence (FDiv) varied between 0.5 and 0.9, with the highest values recorded in the summer. The greater FDiv in summer indicates that despite the dominance of cyanobacteria, there is probably a greater range of available resources that allow the co-occurrence of zooplankton species with different niches. In addition, higher temperatures favor the reproduction of different species. Thus, groups of species that are less abundant in the plankton (scraper cladocerans and filter feeder copepods) may coexist with those usually predominant (rotifers and raptorial copepods). The seasonal focus revealed substitutions of functional traits or the loss of these attributes providing an indication of functional homogenization. These findings are subsidies to improve the analyses of the zooplankton community in environmental studies, so that can contribute to no loss of information and damage to communities and the ecosystem.