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Priorização de medidas de controle para gestão de riscos associados à segurança da água tendo em vista a captação superficial do Rio Corumbataí no município de Rio Claro – SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-08-17) Ferro, Luiz Henrique Rosolen; Ventura, Katia Sakihama; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0765182109837821; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3853-668X; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2028213678530193
As a result of population growth and human development, water consumption has increased in recent years and is on the rise. The availability of drinking water, in turn, is in a scenario of scarcity due to social inequality and lack of adequate planning. Recognizing the current situation and the existing limitations, the Water Safety Plan (PSA) emerges with the intention of addressing the Water Supply System (SAA), being defined as a tool for studying the system, from capture to the consumer end, based on risk analysis and risk management. The PSA is a management tool focused on identifying dangerous events, determining control measures and prioritizing methods in order to guide managers in decision-making. Given that surface collection from the Corumbataí River is responsible for supplying 60% of the population of the municipality of Rio Claro - SP, its planning is essential. In this way, the present study sought to propose a set of control measures, in view of the existing dangerous events in the surface catchment of the Corumbataí River in the municipality of Rio Claro, with the purpose of assisting in the elaboration of the PSA. For this, field visits were initially carried out in order to identify existing measures that positively contribute to water quality, having identified actions related to the management of solid waste and maintenance of the transport route. Then, control measures regarding hazardous events were determined, based on the principle of multiple barriers. So, a method of prioritizing measures was developed, seeking: (i) relevance of the related dangerous event; (ii) execution time and risk reduction; (iii) adequate cost and; (iv) projections regarding future climate changes. Finally, it was possible to carry out the use of the method developed in the object of study in order to obtain, as a final result, the prioritization of control measures. The main control measures identified were those related to the recovery of the riverbanks, inspection of Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs) and the list of materials likely to cause contamination.
Substituição parcial/total dos aditivos alimentares nitrato e nitrito por fontes vegetais e tecnologias de processamento em salsichas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-08-17) Silva, Kellen de Mello da; Selani, Miriam Mabel; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4857619853197645; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8184-742X
Cured meat products are commonly seen as harmful to health by consumers due to their high content of fat, sodium, and synthetic additives. In their composition, there is the addition of curing salts, known as nitrate and nitrite. Curing salts can be defined as food additives, applied in meat products to provide effects on color, flavor, and odor, as well as to maintain the microbiological quality of the product. Studies exploring potential replacements and reductions in the applicability of these salts in cured meat products have been developed, because of research indicating the potential carcinogenic effect in humans resulting from the ingestion of these products. The growing consumer demand for food containing natural/vegetable additives is related to health risk concerns associated with the consumption of these curing salts, where the challenge for the meat industry is to offer effective alternatives that reduce residual nitrite, from partial or total replacements of these additives by vegetable sources and processing technologies. This literature review brings possible alternatives to replace nitrate and nitrite in the manufacture of cured meat products, specifically in sausages.
Efeitos experimentais de estressores múltiplos na composição e estrutura de tamanho de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em clima tropical
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-08-17) Sartori, Milena; Saito, Victor Satoru; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3312862423985585; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6112-7249; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1125200896542188; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5780-1579
Agriculture has increased exponentially in recent years, changing land use. Among the stressors related to agricultural activities that affect lotic ecosystems, the deposition of fine sediments, changes in flow and increased concentrations of hydrating nutrients stand out. In addition to taxonomic composition, changes in body size spectra (size-biomass relationships) can provide important information about ecosystem functioning. Our general objective in this work was to associate the size structure and composition in benthic communities with the impacts associated with intensification in land use, such as increased nitrogen concentration, reduced water flow and sedimentation, in mesocosm experiments simulating streams (system ExStream). Furthermore, we expected that multiple impacts would cause negative and less pronounced slopes in size spectra with environmental impact, due to the simplification of the food network and the presence of only resistant and efficient organisms that transfer more energy along the food chain. Contrary to expectations, size spectra showed a positive relationship between species abundance and size, changing systematically in relation to sedimentation and flow velocity. According to the size structure results, we observed changes in the composition of communities exposed to reduced water flow, and the interaction of this stressor with sedimentation was also significant. This interaction interferes with the abundance of many taxa of Chironomidae (Diptera), and rare genera were not presented in this treatment. These results provide new insights into the responses that macroinvertebrate communities can present to different stressors related to agriculture.
Design of an UHPC with local materials: procedures, properties and modelling parameters
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-08-17) Santos Junior, Gilvan Bezerra dos; Carnio, Marco Antônio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9718956606062025; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2005-8555; Parsekian, Guilherme Aris; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7798651726059215; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5939-2032; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3119305504194865; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6573-1478
Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is a cementitious composite with high compressive and tensile strength and ductile behavior. Its mixture comprises Portland cement, silica fume (SF), a filler, fine sand, superplasticizer admixture, a low water-to-binder ratio, and a high steel microfiber volume. Although UHPC production is now disseminated worldwide, its manufacturing and property evaluation are complex. Hence, a correct selection of materials and equipment is necessary. This thesis focuses on developing and evaluating a UHPC mixture with local materials and available regular laboratory equipment. Initially, in selecting materials, each local raw material's mineralogical and chemical compositions and particle size were determined for an accurate choice. The mixing procedure was tested in a three-speed horizontal pan mixer with different stages to obtain a homogeneous and self-compacting mixture. The design method utilized was the Modified Andreasen and Andersen. After determining the initial composed mix curve, some adjustments refined the mix design to obtain the required properties. To validate the UHPC developed, the physical and mechanical properties were evaluated. The tests were performed according to the Brazilian Standards and the French NF P18-470. The compression test was carried out with low load rates to obtain the post-peak descending branch. The tensile curve was determined indirectly through an inverse analysis by 3-point and 4-point bending tests. In addition, the splitting test response was evaluated. Lastly, the mechanical tests were utilized to obtain the parameters needed to define the material in a finite element numerical analysis. This work confirms that producing UHPC with local materials and regular laboratory equipment is possible. Starting from the correct selection of materials and procedures, 130 MPa compressive and 6.5 MPa elastic tensile 28-day strengths were achieved with a practically self-compacting material and superior durability parameters of 1.02% air content and 3.0% water porosity. The step-by-step inverse analysis response was compared to simplified methods, and the French Standard Institute (AFNOR) and Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) standardized tensile curves presented a better fit. Furthermore, the Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) model parameters were obtained and calibrated according to compression and flexural responses.
Os desafios da educação ambiental na República Democrática do Congo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-08-17) Moloway, Peguy Ndaya; Figueiredo, Rodolfo Antônio de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0854609216769461; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8481-1008
Like many countries around the world, the Democratic Republic of Congo is one of the countries that suffers from serious environmental problems due to human activities; almost twenty percent (20%) of its population lives and is concentrated in the capital, this fact generates an over exploitation of natural resources and causes several negative impacts such as pollution in ecosystems. It is in this perspective that we consider environmental education as a response to contemporary environmental and social issues. Thus, the present study will have as its main objective to find out if the Democratic Republic of Congo has engaged in environmental education, and in a specific way to identify the strategies adopted to enhance this environmental education and identify the advances in environmental education. In pursuit of the proposed objectives, the study was developed from the methodologies of bibliographic, exploratory and documental studies; these methods helped to form concepts and definitions through authors, books and articles, as well as legal documents. From the data collected, it was possible to identify that the country does not have a national policy on environmental education, nor clear and well-defined strategies, in addition to a weakness in terms of financing for investments in this sector; and the concept of environmental education in the Congolese public is little known. This scenario leads us to conclude that the federal and state governments need to pay more attention to their main responsibilities. That is, without an accessible strategy on the subject of environmental education, there will be no possibility of achieving the desired sustainable development.
Criatividade e metacognição: desenvolvendo e avaliando um programa de estímulo na pós-graduação a distância
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-08-17) Casatti, Denise; Schelini, Patrícia Waltz; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6185333517392859; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2765-865X; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5151837943172277; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5947-6917
The main objective of this study was to develop a program to stimulate creative and metacognitive skills in graduate students in distance education, evaluating its feasibility and quantitative and qualitative effects. The research also investigated the participants' knowledge about their own creativity, that is, their metacognitive knowledge of creativity, as well as how they performed metacognitive monitoring of creative tasks, focusing on exercises to stimulate fluency, flexibility, and elaboration skills. The intervention was conducted during the elective course "Creativity, Metacognition, and Communication: Stimulating Skills in the Educational Area", intended for 196 students and alumni of the specialization in Computer Science Applied to Education, a distance graduate program offered by the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science (ICMC) of USP. These students were divided into two groups (experimental and control), with 98 participants in each, and invited to sign the Free and Informed Consent Form and to respond all the questions proposed in the pre-test and post-test, in which were used as instruments the Torrance Verbal Creativity Assessment/Test and the Verbal Creativity Monitoring Technique. At the end of the eight-week intervention, consisting of five stimulating exercises proposed to the experimental group, 13 participants from each group met all the pre-established criteria for quantitative data analysis: they signed the Free and Informed Consent Form and responded to all the questions proposed in the pre-test and post-test. The quantitative results obtained in the pre- and post-tests showed that there were moderate effects in the experimental group, although not statistically significant, in relation to the measured creative characteristics. On the other hand, in relation to metacognition, moderate to large effects were detected, as well as greater accuracy, in the post-test, in the metacognitive judgments of creative tasks. The qualitative evidence of the program was presented through reflective thematic analysis, carried out on 265 texts, images, and other productions of the participants in the experimental group, as a consequence of the stimulating exercises. The results revealed that there were positive impacts on the participants in the experimental group, but there is potential to obtain more significant results in future studies, if the limitations identified in this research are overcome. The main contribution of the work was to prove the feasibility of implementing stimulation programs that promote the intersection of creative and metacognitive skills in graduate students in distance education.
Crescimento de oito espécies madeireiras sob duas condições de plantio: a pleno sol e sob dossel da restauração florestal
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-08-17) José, Marina Pérola Zerbinato; Agostini, Kayna; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5894768661755535; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0038-3211; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9864876533192108; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3433-416X
The planting of native timber species is a growing economic activity and a pertinent question, still not clarified, is the best moment to insert timber trees in forest restoration. These species are generally late secondary and shade tolerant, but can respond positively in growth to greater light availability. The objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that the initial growth of native timber species is faster when they are planted in full sun than when planted under a structured forest canopy. We evaluated the relative growth in height and diameter at ground level, and mortality of eight native species of the Atlantic Rainforest, at 12 and 19 months after planting, inserted in two different conditions and moments: in full sun, concomitantly with the pioneer species of the restoration, and under natural shading, in the understory of a forest restoration planting with structured canopy. It was also investigated, only in the shaded planting, whether the seedlings growth is related to the variation in light and vapor pressure deficit levels (VPD) on them. In general, the seedlings from planting in full sun showed higher growth and similar mortality to the seedlings in the shaded plantation, but both presented high levels of mortality. No effect of light and VPD variation was found on tree community growth, possibly due to the punctual way, in space and time, of data collection on temperature, relative air humidity and luminosity in the understory, which seems to not be effective for this purpose. However, at population level, seven of the eight species had significant responses to variations in light and DPV in the area, at some point. The results indicate that it is better to plant timber species in open areas, concomitantly with forest restoration pioneer species, when the objective is the rapid growth of arboreal individuals. To investigate the effect of varying light and VPD on the growth of a community of native timber species, different methods should be tested, such as hemispherical photos or data collections with prolonged exposures, using data-logger sensors. Future studies should evaluate seedlings planted in these different conditions, at more advanced ages, to understand the causes of high general mortality and evaluate the continuity of growth over time, in addition to investigating the architecture of tree individuals and the effect of rapid growth on the wood density, which are important factors for trees planted for the purpose of producing wood destined for sawmills.