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Partidos políticos e a institucionalização da política de saúde brasileira: análise das medidas provisórias e decretos da saúde (1989-2018)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-11-24) Aizza, Leila Eliane; Braga, Maria do Socorro Sousa; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2311094074614215; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2141-9778; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6724272652499784; https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8912-4486
After the country's redemocratization, the main actors who continued the institutionalization of public policies were political parties. Among the legislative initiation institutes guaranteed to the Executive, provisional measures and decrees are institutional resources exclusive to presidents. At the same time, they are strategies capable of quickly changing the congressional agenda and guaranteeing the implementation of their preferences over other political actors. In this sense, this thesis aims to answer the central question of how the Executive Branch formed by governments of different ideological hues institutionalized health policy? In this sense, the hypothesis that guides the development of this research is that parties on the right of the political spectrum tend to commodify access, through the increase in complementary health to the detriment of public health, as they consider it an expense or expense that compromises the public budget. On the other hand, parties on the left tend to prioritize the expansion of redistributive and universalist policies when allocating public funds. Considering the theoretical contribution of Historical Institutionalism for the development of quantitative and qualitative research and the analysis of government programmatic documents. The main conclusion is that parties on the left of the political spectrum promoted the universalization of the Unified Health System but did not become an obstacle to the expansion of private healthcare in the country.
O princípio do Protetor-Recebedor como inovação na Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos: limites e potencialidades para fomentar a gestão integrada de resíduos no país
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-11-24) Marotti, Ana Cristina Bagatini; Pugliesi, Erica; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6736386099280623; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4688-1387; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0882292538928826; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0192-0696
The National Waste Policy (NWP) is the main federal regulation on the subject of solid waste in the country, it was promulgated in 2010, and is structured in principles, objectives and instruments. The principles are the basis of a policy, and among those of the NWP are, jointly, the principles of the polluter pays, already established in Brazilian environmental policies by the National Environmental Policy of 1981, and the protector-receiver, then having its first appearance in national policies. The polluter protector-receiver has its greatest recurrence when applied to payment for environmental services aimed at the use of land and preservation of water resources, as for the issue of solid waste, it is still reduced, with a lack of doctrinal and jurisprudence. In this way, the objective is to understand the application of the protectorreceiver principle for the management of solid waste in Brazil. Thus, the state of the art of this topic is presented, the relationship between this principle and the objectives and instruments of the NWP, the corresponding legal normative framework, national experiences of application and a comparative analysis between them and the correlation of the topic with current environmental agendas. One way to implement the protector-receiver is through the Payment for Environmental Service, an economic instrument for environmental management, which in the context of solid waste, is known as Payment for Urban Environmental Service (PUES), which aims to remunerate waste pickers for the service. provided of collection and sorting of solid waste. The research pointed out that the application of the principle to waste is still incipient, little discussed in publications and at the federal level there are no policies that specifically deal with PUES, but recent movements have been observed that indicate the likely inclusion of this topic in the federal legal regulatory framework. Meanwhile, in the states and municipalities there are already examples of the implementation of these policies, which since 2011 have rewarded waste pickers. In this scenario, there are still limitations to its application, which consists of a federal legal structure to encourage and expand this payment, advances are still needed to understand the importance of the services provided related to collection and sorting, to promote a better balanced proportion between the amount paid and the work performed, and the challenge of structuring a program that encompasses not only male and female collectors in an organized way, but also those who work individually.
A Classificação Internacional de Doenças: usos na organização e representação da informação no contexto da saúde
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-11-24) Andrade, Evaldo Aguiar; Galvão, Maria Cristiane Barbosa; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9163421021115381; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3971-5743; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5265801815717745; https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9506-192X
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is the basis for identifying health trends and statistics around the world. The objective of this study is to explain the specificities of the ICD in order to establish a greater dialogue between the fields of Information Science and Health regarding the organization of information and knowledge. To this end, a documentary research was developed, an instrument to map the uses of the ICD by professionals working in the health field and an opinion survey, exploratory, qualitative and transversal, to map the uses of the ICD by professionals working in the health field. The documentary analysis showed that concerns about the organization and representation of Information Science knowledge are quite diverse in quantity and themes. To carry out the opinion research, an instrument was developed following an exploratory and empirical approach. In this research, a convenience population consisting of 127 healthcare professionals with higher education was considered. The data show that 65.4% of participants declared themselves to be female, that brown ethnicity was the most common (47.2%) and that the majority of professionals fall into the age range of 31 to 40 years (47.2 %) and 41 to 50 (28.3%) years. In relation to the professions with the highest number of participants, nursing stood out, with 34.6%, and technology areas, with 15%. The majority of respondents (74.8%) declared that they had some knowledge about the ICD; however, only 7.1% know all its functions. Around 18.1% of professionals stated that they had never used the ICD, while 60.3% stated that they had never received training on the ICD and only 2.4% had received continuous training. The most used tool to find out the meaning of an ICD code is Google, as this tool was recommended by 85% of participants. The main barrier to using the ICD is the lack of knowledge about it (57.5%), as well as the lack of an electronic system to support the use of the ICD (45.7%) and the lack of interest on the part of the professionals themselves (34, 6%). Around 76.4% of professionals highlighted that having training is the main facilitating element for using the ICD. Regarding the terminologies considered essential for the health area, the ICD stands out, as it was remembered by the majority of professionals (78.5%). As a qualitative result, the health professionals participating in the study discussed three themes on how to improve the use of the ICD, namely: 1) Training and continuing education; 2) Education in undergraduate courses, such as, for example, in undergraduate health courses, a mandatory subject on the use of the ICD and encouraging its use in professional internships; and 3) Adaptations in work environments, such as, for example, incorporating the ICD into health information systems. This research reinforces that there is no room for timidity in Information Science in the field of Health, as collaborations can be established both to improve the ICD and to develop courses, disciplines and specialized training.
Envolvimento dos funcionários na produção enxuta: práticas, relação e desenvolvimento de escala
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-11-24) Medeiros, Nayara Cardoso de; Ganga, Gilberto Miller Devós; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9062191157466610; Godinho Filho, Moacir; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6136685270563354; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2918639969872058; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-4318
Employee involvement is reported in the literature as a human resource practice that has significantly contributed to the success of lean manufacturing efforts. However, the subject is superficially addressed in the literature, lacking in-depth studies. Thus, the overall objective of this work is to understand the relationship between employee involvement practices in lean manufacturing efforts and to develop a scale capable of measuring these practices' adoption levels. The thesis was structured into three main chapters following an article format to achieve this. The first article used a systematic literature review and expert opinions to identify employee involvement practices in lean manufacturing efforts. Ninety articles were analyzed, resulting in a list of fifteen essential practices. The second article analysed these practices' driving relations and dependence using interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and fuzzy-cross-impact matrix multiplication (Fuzzy MICMAC). As a result, the most influential practices and those with the highest dependence were identified, leading to a framework that shows how companies can prioritize employee involvement practices implementation in lean manufacturing efforts. After identifying the priority, the third article focused on developing a scale to measure the level of practice implementation in companies. The scale construction process started by extracting items from relevant literature. These items underwent expert evaluation and were then subjected to four rounds of Q-sorting to validate them. Once the items were validated, a survey was conducted with manufacturing company operators in the north and southeast regions of Brazil to further validate the scale path for implementation. The result was an instrument that measured employee involvement in lean manufacturing efforts and helped companies to identify opportunities to stimulate employee involvement. A conceptual model was developed to measure employee involvement in lean manufacturing by utilizing best practices. This model can help managers prioritize the implementation of practices that require more attention, leading to better decision-making and increased employee involvement. Consequently, this can lead to more effective and sustainable implementation of lean manufacturing.
Efeito da acessibilidade aos sítios ácidos da Zeólita MFI na esterificação catalítica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-11-24) Ribeiro, Maria Eduarda; Cardoso, Dilson; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2462847535959232; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3504-4516; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1479000103307580; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5832-9069
In the context of increasing ethanol production through fermentation, substantial amounts of fusel oil are produced. Consequently, there is a growing interest in exploring methods to reuse fusel oil by transforming its major component, isopentanol, into valuable industrial products. One potential approach involves the conversion of isopentanol into isopentyl acetate, an ester widely utilized in the food industry for flavor enhancement. Viable mechanisms for effecting this conversion is to apply esterification reactions, facilitated by a protonic catalyst. Zeolites, noted for their acidity arising from Brønsted sites, have been recognized as effective catalysts for this purpose. Recent research has revealed that the main factor that enhances catalytic efficacy in esterification reactions is the expansion of the external surface area of zeolites due to constraints associated with molecular diffusion within the micropores of MFI zeolite. In this context, the present study aim to investigate how the accessibility to acidic sites of MFI zeolite can be improved by reducing particle size to obtain isopentyl acetate. In order of this, several parameters were explored, including the aging time of the reaction mixture during the synthesis of MFI zeolite with n-butylamine (BTA) and tetrapropylammonium cations (TPA+), Si/Al ratio, and the hydrothermal treatment time. The analyses, including N2 physisorption and SEM results, demonstrated that prolonging the aging time in both BTA and TPA+ syntheses led to smaller particle sizes while maintaining the chemical composition of the zeolites relatively constant. Additionally, the research established that TPA+ cations were more effective in producing smaller particle sizes, and lowering the Si/Al ratio from 25 to 15 also resulted in smaller particle diameters. Thus, adjusting these synthesis parameters permits the variation of the particle size of the zeolites. Regarding the observed catalytic activity, we observed that zeolites synthesized with TPA+ and smaller particle sizes, resulting in a larger external surface, achieved higher conversion rates. It occurs due to molecules having better access to catalytic sites. Conversely, samples synthesized with BTA, having a smaller external surface area, achieved similar conversion rates. Nevertheless, a comparative analysis of samples from BTA and TPA+ syntheses has revealed that those derived from BTA synthesis exhibit superior TOF0, despite their lower aluminum content. Therefore, it demonstrates that the performance of the reaction is mainly affected by the external surfaces acidity profile.
A relação com o saber na mentoria de diretores escolares: considerações a partir de uma formação prática
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-11-24) Oliveira, Ricardo Gavioli de; Luiz, Maria Cecília; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7425361719028650; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-2753; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0766515223957943; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6203-3551
The present research originated from reflections on some questions that originated this thesis: does the exchange of experience between principals enable the construction of the relationship with the Knowledge (Charlot, 2000) about school management? Can a mentoring of directors or not promote the rupture of training models traditionally offered to this public? With this problem, the general objective of this study emerged, to understand the relationship with knowledge submitted to the practice of school management, from the identification of the knowledge and learning that the mentoring principals and mentees said they had produced, due to the practical training in mentoring of principals. And, the specific objectives: to ascertain what mobilized the directors in relation to the desire to learn and; elucidate how the activities developed during Mentoring in Practice contributed to instigate ruptures in relation to the instrumental perspective that prevails in the guidelines directed to this audience. The theoretical framework was based on Bernard Charlot's analytical propositions about the Relationship with Knowledge (RcS). Of a qualitative nature, we sought to understand the relationship with knowledge submitted to the practice of school management, based on the identification of the knowledge and learning that principals said they had produced, as a result of training. The empirical part of the research consisted of conducting two focus groups as methodological instruments for data collection: one with mentoring directors and the other with mentored directors, belonging to the five Brazilian regions that were part of the training in Mentoring in Practice, which took place between August 2021 and June 2022. This training was developed by the Study and Research Group on Education, Subjectivity and Culture (GEPESC) of the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), in partnership with the Secretariat of Basic Education of the Ministry of Education (SEB/MEC). The data showed two constellations of analysis: 1) Mutual learning relationship between principals, mentors and mentees and 2) Contributions of mentoring to coping with challenges in the school. The results revealed that the relationship with knowledge submitted to school management demands from principals a complex mediation process, in view of the need to mobilize the community in favor of the development of collaborative activities that favor the organization of the school, expanding its degree of autonomy and enabling the democratization of its management. The identification of the knowledge learned by the principals revealed new professional strategies to cope with challenges and problems identified in the school routine, contributing to minimize the feeling of isolation and insecurity through the exercise of the function. This was only possible due to the training methodology of Mentoring in Practice, which instigated the establishment of a new relationship between these directors, from which they were able to carry out the systematized exchange of knowledge and experiences among peers, which favored the rupture with the merely technical and bureaucratizing logic of guidance traditionally directed to this audience.
Oxidação eletroquímica de 5-hidroximetilfurfural e glicose: adsorção em Pt (111) e Pt (110) e fotocatálise em BiVO4
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-11-24) Moreti, Lauren dos Santos; Sitta, Elton; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4326476348284298; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5010662875144214
The exponential increase in energy demand has generated the need to develop more efficient methods based on renewable energy sources. One way to achieve this goal is storing the solar energy through chemical bonds, with emphasis on the production of H2 from water. Despite several advantages, obtaining H2 from water presents obstacles, especially in relation to oxidation processes, which can be avoided with the use of small organic molecules. In addition to providing electrons and protons for the formation of H2, the oxidation of organic molecules also makes it possible to obtain value-added products. Thus, the present dissertation presents a study on the interaction of glucose and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural with model surfaces – Pt(111) and Pt(110) – and with BiVO4 semiconductors modified with Zr, Mo and Pt. It was observed that the current density for glucose oxidation is proportional to the concentration and that the greatest activity occurs for Pt(111). However, on the two single crystalline surfaces, there was a high poisoning of the reactive sites throughout the voltammetric cycles, and this effect was more intense in Pt(110). It was also measured that the adsorption potential of the species has little influence on the charge obtained in the voltammograms after 10 cycles, but the maximum potential of each voltammetric cycle strongly influences the stability and charge of the cycles. 5-HMF generated a higher degree of poisoning than glucose, saturating both surfaces at concentrations of the order of 10-4 mol L-1. In order to reduce the poisoning caused by the interaction of organic molecules with Pt, a photoelectrochemical system containing BiVO4 (ZrMo) superficially modified with Pt was used. It was observed that Pt increases the charge by 24% and decreases the onset potential by 70 mV for glucose oxidation. The main advantage of the photoelectrochemical system was the stability of the current during one hour at fixed potential. However, the same effect was not observed in the presence of 5-HMF, which showed lower activity than water oxidation.
Fracionamento da lignina Kraft e aplicação em diferentes segmentos: Desenvolvimento de aditivo com propriedades de barreira e hidrogéis para remoção de metais potencialmente tóxicos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-11-24) Lima, Vitor Hugo de; Botaro, Vagner Roberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2907189124654066; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3382-7747; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2514638680367582; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9865-2207
This study elucidates the significance of the Kraft lignin (KL) fractionation process to obtain less polydisperse fractions for application in the development of novel materials or integration of lignin fractions into the processing of everyday materials. Two fractions, at pH 7.5 (KL75) and pH 4.5 (KL45), were obtained from KL using the fractionation method via acid gradient precipitation from the aqueous medium. The process efficiently separated the fractions, which exhibited distinct properties and characteristics when investigated through techniques such as gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermal properties via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR); morphology was analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The fractions were employed in the development of an additive with barrier properties and hydrogels for the removal of potentially toxic metals in aqueous environments. For the formulation of a barrier additive, lignin fractions were combined with starch to prepare a film-forming solution, which was subsequently applied using the tape casting technique to produce thin films. The structural, morphological, mechanical, thermal, and water vapor permeation characteristics of the films were characterized. Hydrogels were produced through the crosslinking of lignin with starch using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as the crosslinking agent and triethylamine as a catalyst. The development of these materials using lignin fractions proved promising based on the obtained results. The KL45 fraction exhibited superior barrier properties compared to KL75 and KL, albeit with inferior thermal and mechanical properties. KL75 demonstrated enhanced swelling properties and adsorption capacity for metals such as copper (Cu) and mercury (Hg) when dispersed in an aqueous medium from sulfur salts (S) such as copper sulfate (CuSO4) and mercury sulfate (HgSO4). The results obtained for these novel materials reinforce positive expectations regarding the use of lignin as a raw material for higher value-added materials with the potential to replace products derived from non-renewable sources.
Catálise heterogênea utilizando íons cobre para a obtenção de compostos N-heterocíclicos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-11-24) Sousa, Bruno Kaleb dos Santos Pinto de; Corrêa, Arlene Gonçalves; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7425467156776144; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-2228; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8670371040476506
N-Heterocyclic compounds, such as pyrroloquinazolines, are widely used in the agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries due to their broad spectrum of biological activity and relative low toxicity. Synthetic methods for these compounds have been explored, including those based on zeolites as heterogeneous catalysts, aiming to overcome challenges associated with homogeneous catalysis, such as the difficulty in separating the catalyst from the reaction medium. In this context, this work provides a review of the structure, synthesis, and various applications of quinazolines. Pyrroloquinazolines, in specific, have been the subject of studies, including their antiparasitic properties. The study also explores recent methods for the formation of these compounds, focusing on the use of zeolites as heterogeneous catalysts. Specifically, the formation of pyrroloquinazoline using various zeolites was investigated. Characterization and recycling of the USY zeolite were key aspects of the analysis, with observed yields of 73% during catalyst screening and variations between 68 and 56% over 4 reaction cycles. The work concludes with the perspective of continuous optimization of the reaction for better yields and exploration of the synthesis of new derivatives, demonstrating the viability and efficacy of heterogeneous catalysis in this context.
Estudo de adaptação transcultural do Genos Emotional Intelligence Inventory (GENOS EI) para o contexto organizacional brasileiro
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-11-24) Pacheco, Orjana de Oliveira; Muniz, Monalisa; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9444899939943716; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-6296; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0242502857531224; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0806-1193
The Emotional Intelligence (EI) has been pointed as an important competence to several contexts, among them, the organizational. However, related to the scientific investigations, it´s fundamental to dispose of quality instruments to the EI measure. Due to the scarcity of the IE instruments to the Brazilian organizational context, the current research aimed to realize transcultural adaptation studies and validity evidence of the self-report foreign instrument- Genos Emotional intelligence inventory (GENOS EI) to the Brazilian laboral context. To this purpose, the research took in consideration 589 workers and was subdivided by in three studies- Articles. The first aimed at the linguistic- cultural adaptation process and GENOS EI semantic in six stages. As a result, it was got the context validity evidence of the adapted instrument to the Brazilian laboral context. The second aimed the search of the validity evidences of the internal structure. The results of this second article pointed the GENOS-EI-Br factorial organization adapted different from the original structure, once out of seven factors, it was identified four. This new configuration eliminated thirty items out of seventy from the original, from the established criteria on and vigorous indicators and applied to the Exploratory Factorial Analysis (EFA) and, later on confirmed by the Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (AFC). Considering the instrument as a whole, the general factor presented indexes of Cronbach Alpha (α= 0.92; IC 95% [ 0,91-0,93]) and Mc Donald omega (ω =0,92;IC 95%[ 0,91-o,93) and the factors accuracy estimation was from 0,52 to 0,83 and the general factor of the 0,85. Finally, the third article searched for the validity evidences related to the GENOS-EI-Br adapted to the Brazilian organizational context based on the report with other variable of the Laboral ambit: self-efficiency, personality and work satisfaction. The obtained results of the correctional analysis demonstrated a positive correlation, meaningful and moderated between the GENOS-EI-Br and the self-efficiency, as well as among three out of the four factors of the GENOS-EI-Br and the work satisfaction. There was also a positive correlation, meaningful and low of GENOS-EI-Br with four out of five personality factors, exhausting the neuroticism factor. Through regression analyses, it was possible to identify that only the first factor, self-management and emotional self-control (AAE), of GENOS-EI-Br, predict in a meaningful way, the levels of work satisfaction and self-efficiency and the personality factors predict the EI in the collected sample. The three studies indicate positive results of the validity evidence to the GENOS-EI-Br adapted to the Brazilian laboral context.
A formação inicial de professores de Física e os saberes docentes para a prática educativa: revisão de escopo de 2001 a 2022
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-11-24) Cyrineu, Ana Amélia Cyrineu Plens; Vedovatto, Dijnane; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6758025601578309; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7435-6849; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0509394670448306; https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7100-4137
Teaching is a profession full of challenges, especially at the beginning of the career in which there are aspects linked to lesson planning, class management, working conditions, among other particularities, which, although they are addressed during initial training, the situations that emerge from daily work at school, presenting situations that require the mobilization of different knowledge from the teacher. This understanding leveraged the development of this research, whose objective is to map the field related to research on the initial training of Physics teachers, aiming to understand how the knowledge mobilized by the teacher in the classroom has been approached in research such as dissertations, theses, and how they are presented within the scope of the guidelines for the initial training of Physics teachers. To this end, we defined the following specific objectives: 1) Identify and analyze the works found in the CAPES Catalog of Theses and Dissertations related to the knowledge of Physics teachers in Basic Education; and 2) Identify the knowledge in the regulations related to the initial training of Physics teachers. To develop the research, a scoping review was carried out, covering the years 2001 to 2022, in which the analyzes were carried out based on the assumptions of Tardif (2012) and from this, the following axes emerged: Knowledge from the profession; Knowledge arising from professional training for teaching and Knowledge in regulations relating to teacher training. Based on the data analyzed, we identified that knowledge from experience is essential for teacher training, there are indications that supervised internships provide possibilities for future teachers to come into contact with school culture, as well as aspects inherent to the work teacher. In this direction, we highlight the emphasis on articulation between teacher training institutions and basic education schools, which can provide greater approximation with the future teacher's work reality, with the support of professionals involved in teacher training.
Algoritmo quântico para o problema de gerenciamento de estoque
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-11-24) Fernandes, Gabriel Pedro Lima Moysés; Bezerra, Paulo César Cunha; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2217592591686005; Villas-Bôas, Celso Jorge; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5700887540085418; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6841931662780058; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6687-3128
In this work, we developed a quantum algorithm in Adiabatic Quantum Computing for the Inventory Management Problem, adapted for factories that use gravitational shelves as the standard storage system. The main goal of the task is to determine the optimal allocation for inventory items on the warehouse shelves, minimizing the operational costs associated with the logistics of item input and output, while respecting the constraints involved. To achieve this, based on the pattern of item occurrences in the factory's demands, we devised a two-phase strategy that aims to determine the most efficient way to distribute items among the shelves. We constructed a set of Problem Hamiltonians that allow us to implement the strategy in the Adiabatic Quantum Computing model. Finally, we implemented the algorithm for a set of simple instances on D-Wave's quantum computers, a Canadian company that leads in developing devices suitable for Adiabatic Quantum Computing implementation, using a heuristic known as Quantum Annealing.
Análise da aprendizagem de leitura e escrita em indivíduos com Síndrome de Williams
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-11-24) Fava, Letícia Regina; Rossi, Natália Freitas; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4642080462525950; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1003-4573; Souza, Deisy das Graças de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4404800720856419; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6164-174X; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6160128930861973; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1684-8378
Williams Syndrome (WS) is a genetic condition resulting from the deletion of approximately 20 genes in the 7q11.23 region. The literature reports significant challenges in learning and delays in the acquisition of reading in individuals with this syndrome. Researchers have shown interest in the learning and memory processes involving this group, especially concerning expressive and receptive language, as well as other cognitive aspects. One of the frequently mentioned difficulties relates to learning to read and write. This justifies the present research, whose objective was to explore the acquisition of reading and writing and to program teaching conditions consistent with the learning profiles of four participants diagnosed with WS. To achieve this goal, the computerized teaching program Learning to Read and Write in Small Steps (ALEPP) was used, complemented by activities and procedures tailored to the specific needs of each student. Data related to the progress in reading acquisition of the participants were analyzed. Initially, they were subjected to reading and writing assessments (ARLE Scale), auditory comprehension (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - PPVT and USP Picture Vocabulary Test - TVfusp), cognition (WISC-III - Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Third Edition or WAIS-III - Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition), and academic performance (School Performance Test - TDE). The work was organized into studies, aiming to determine if the students achieved the proposed learning objectives for different levels of competence. In Study 1, which aimed to evaluate the performance of two participants in prerequisite tasks for reading acquisition, the results indicated accuracy in copy tasks with constructed response and also in handwritten copy. These findings strengthen the conclusion that the textual stimulus began to exert control not only over the response modality used during teaching but also over the response of handwriting. Additionally, one of the participants was enrolled in ALEPP Module 1. In Study 2, P1 and P2 learned to read nine simple words through the stimulus pairing with orientation response procedure (PERO). In Study 3, during the teaching phase, three participants (P2, P3, and P4) were exposed to Module 1 (with 17 stages of teaching simple words) and two to Module 2 (with 80 stages of teaching words with orthographic irregularities) of ALEPP. P3 and P4 completed Module 1 and performed the first three Units of Module 2. For each participant, it was necessary to implement a teaching procedure with specific sequence and tasks, aiming to ensure they achieved a performance with 100% accuracy in reading tasks. The results of this study are in line with the literature, which highlights the significant delay and heterogeneity in reading levels of this population, emphasizing the need to improve effective teaching strategies for the development of reading skills in individuals with WS. Overall, the studies showed remarkable progress of the participants, under teaching contingencies previously evaluated as effective with other populations.