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What are the cut-off points for vaginal manometry to differentiate women with a weak from those with a strong pelvic floor muscle contraction?: Vaginal manometry to classify a pelvic floor muscle contraction
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-12) Silva, Jordana Barbosa da; Sato, Tatiana de Oliveira; Jorge, Cristine Homsi; Armijo-Olivo, Susan; Driusso, Patricia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8898319491890063; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6419640145149798; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8067-9786; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9867-3788; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4956-4611
Maximal voluntary contraction average is the best variable to identify a strong pelvic floor contraction. Abstract Background Vaginal manometry is regarded as an objective method to assess pelvic floor muscles (PFM) function and can measure several variables during contraction. Objective To determine which variables could differentiate women with/without a weak/strong PFM contraction and determine their cut-off points. Methods This is a diagnostic accuracy study performed on 156 women with a mean age of 40.4 (SD, 15.9) years. The reference test was vaginal palpation and the index test was vaginal manometry (Peritron™ manometer). Variables were pressure at rest, pressure achieved with maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), MVC average, duration, gradient, and area under the curve (AUCm). The Receiver Operating Curve (AUC/ROC) and logistic regression were used to analyze the data and obtain cut-off points. Results Excellent ability to discriminate women with a weak/strong PFM contraction was found for MVC average (cut-off: 28.93 cmH2O), MVC (cut-off: 38.61 cmH2O), and the AUCm (cut-off: 1011.93 cm²*s). The gradient variable had good discrimination ability (AUC/ROC=0.81; cut-off: 28.68 cmH2O/s). The MVC average assessed by manometry, menopausal status, and the presence of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) were associated with a weak/strong PFM contraction in the multivariate analysis; however, the most parsimonious model to discriminate weak/strong PFM contraction included only the MVC average (AUC/ROC = 0.95; sensitivity: 0.87; specificity: 0.91). Conclusion These results suggest which manometry variables are appropriate to assess and classify PFM function in females. These could be used to help physical therapists to make clinic decisions about the management of female PFM.
Desenvolvimento de um processo de medição dimensional para placas cerâmicas de grande formato
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-12-01) Silva, Fernando das Dores; Sordan, Juliano Endrigo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9328225911168960; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2188-9051; Oprime, Pedro Carlos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9291517431456908; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6213-2223; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3326676850135146
In the Brazilian ceramic tile market, large-format ceramic tiles have gained prominence. In 2019, the country ranked as the third-largest global producer, second in consumption, and seventh in exports. The growth in large-format tile production is a result of technological advancements in conformation, enabling the creation of larger and more diverse formats. Despite technological advances in ceramic tile production, the dimensional measurement method (ISO 10545-2) has remained unchanged since the 1990s, becoming unsuitable for the high-quality and precision requirements of modern tiles. To address this gap, this dissertation proposed a Coordinate Measurement System (CMS) that measures the tile at an 83° incline as an alternative to the Current Measurement System (CuMS). The main objective of the research was to develop a testing methodology that would allow for the measurement of the dimensional characteristics of large-format ceramic tiles with repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) compatible with the current method and eliminating planar deformation. The results indicated that several variables, such as format, thickness, and typology of the tiles, affect elastic deformation. The format showed a variation of up to 1.42 mm in the largest dimension, thickness varied by 0.8 mm in thin tiles, and typology influenced by 0.77 mm in BIIb. Furthermore, a significant interaction was observed between these variables, especially in larger sizes. In the method development process, the Three-Dimensional Measurement Arm (TMA) was chosen due to its cost-effectiveness. The developed program allowed for measurements to be replicated without the need for manual rotation of the tiles, and the inclined panel with a robust structure and support pins eliminated elastic deformation. The R&R results between the CuMS and the CMS demonstrated average amplitude ranging from 0.013 mm to 0.075 mm, with standard deviations ranging from 0.062 mm to 0.114 mm, all below the resolution required by the standard.For specific tile attributes, such as size and lateral straightness, the results were 22% and 24% better than the specified limit of 30%. Deviations in characteristics such as orthogonality, warpage, central and lateral curvature also remained below the 20% limit, with values of 17%, 16%, 9%, and 14%, respectively. The repeatability of the characteristics ranged from 7% to 9%, below 10%, and no systematic deviations from stability and trend were observed in the SMC, while the CuMS exhibited some insignificant trend deviations. These results highlight the compatibility of the measurement systems and their ability to provide precise and standards-compliant measurements, ensuring effective control of dimensional variations. The results indicate that CMS is a viable alternative to CuMS for accurately measuring the dimensional characteristics of large-format ceramic tiles in compliance with standards. Thus, both methods together meet market demands for different sizes of ceramic tiles and ensure effective control of dimensional variations. It is worth noting that these methods can be used in conjunction, with CuMS suitable for pieces up to 60 cm in length, and CMS can be used for smaller pieces, but in terms of cost-effectiveness, it is recommended for larger sizes.
Influência de agentes de ativação na geração de espécies ativas em zeólitas Cu-ZSM-5 – aplicação na conversão de metano a metanol
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-12-01) Mata, João Emanuel Cabral da; Urquieta-González, Ernesto Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2389975677904655; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-6004; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9527354512863079; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4134-0525
Climate change is a current topic of much debate around the world and is a consequence of the impact of the intensification of the greenhouse effect caused by the accumulation in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, methane (CH4), among others. Therefore, it is necessary to develop ways to add value to these gases and minimize their emissions. In the case of methane, the challenge is its direct conversion to produce methanol via heterogeneous catalysis and in compliance with the principles of green chemistry. The most widely studied catalysts for this reaction are oxocation-exchanged zeolites (CuxOy). The formation of these species is influenced by factors intrinsic to the catalyst preparation process, such as conditions of incorporation of copper cations, activation agent and operating conditions, among others. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the generation and nature of copper oxo-cations in ZSM-5 zeolites by varying the activation agent (O2, CO2, Ar or synthetic air) and verify the activity of these species in the conversion direct methane to methanol (MTM). As precursors, NH4-ZSM-5 zeolites (Si/Al = 11,5 and 15) were used, which were subjected to ion exchange with copper acetate. The zeolites were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), reduction with hydrogen at programmed temperature (H2-RTP), nitrogen physisorption, X-ray fluorescence (FRX), ammonia desorption at programmed temperature (NH3-DTP) and analyzes FTIR in transmission mode with pyridine adsorbed in situ. The reaction process occurred in three stages: (1) activation of Cu-ZSM-5 using CO2, O2, synthetic air and He as activating agents; (2) MTM reaction; (3) ex situ extraction of methanol using ethanol. To identify the active species and their consumption in the reaction, in situ DRS-UV-vis analyzes were carried out. XRD and H2-RTP results showed that the Cu-Z(11,5)_2x24 sample was the most suitable for catalytic tests and more complex characterizations as it has more Cu atoms in exchange positions in the zeolite. The catalytic tests showed that all the activation agents used were capable of generating active species and forming MeOH, however, the species generated by the O2 and CO2 agents produced less methanol than the species generated using synthetic air and an inert gas, showing that with The species generated by O2 and CO2 may have seen overoxidation of methane to CO and CO2 or clusters of Cu oxocations inactive for the DMTM reaction have formed. The DRS-UV-Vis spectra showed the formation of oxocation species with all activating agents under study and also the species that were consumed during the reaction, being intermediates such as µ-(ƞ2:ƞ2)peroxo dicobre and trans-1,2-peroxo dicobre species, [CuxOy], [Cux(OH)x], Z2-Cu(II) and Z[Cu(II)O]. Synthetic air proved to be the most suitable activation agent, as it is the most sustainable and capable of forming species sufficiently active in the DMTM reaction.
Extroversão da política e introversão dos sindicatos?: o sindicalismo petroleiro entre o novo desenvolvimentismo e a restauração do neoliberalismo (2008-2020)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-12-01) Mendes, Danilo Lucena; Lima, Jacob Carlos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9244132532446607; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6475-9575; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7524223923740172; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5710-0617
This dissertation aims at analyzing the conditions by which oil unionism was able to organize itself in order to shape oil politics courses since 2008. Thus, this research rebuilds such unionism formation process since Petrobras national-developmentalist landmarks in 1950s till the consolidation of oil unionism institutional and discursive power. Moreover, we investigated the recovery of structural and associative foundations of oil unionism power in 1990 and 2000 decades. Such recovery, allowed oil workers to engage in attempts of intervening on the pre-salt regulatory mark process between 2008 and 2010. As far as that was achieved, they revealed their ability of acting strategically and asserting their autonomy concerning the political interest of the cores of different governments, in what regards oil politics and Petrobras management. Up to 2020, the new developmentalism economical guidelines formed a fundamental reference to oil unionism action, direct or indirectly, insisting on the idea that state should expand its participation in oil sector to the utmost, by means of Petrobras investments on the branch. Therefore, they opposed to the reversion of new developmentalism principles in what concerns economic policies directed at oil industry. Nevertheless, the main antagonism to the public company policies, from 2016 onwards, has relied on effervescence of a new solidarity spirit between union bases and board. In February 2020, threatened by the company board privatization agenda, they went on a 20-day strike, the largest since the 1995 historical stoppage.