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O Método de Prova na Crítica da Razão Pura: o problema da síntese por meros conceitos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-12-06) Arelaro, Ana Letícia; Santos, Paulo Roberto Licht dos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1681044854219924; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2781754299800705; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3301-4033
In the Transcendental Doctrine of the Method of the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant characterizes the method of proof he employed in Transcendental Analytics as a transcendental method of synthesis by mere concepts. It is difficult to understand how a synthesis by concepts is possible, as Kant states at various points in the Critique that all synthetic knowledge requires reference to intuition, as is the case with the mathematical method of constructing concepts. This problem had repercussions on German Idealism, so that both Schelling and Fichte argue that Kant, by excluding intuition from the proof method of philosophy, ends up restricting it to the analysis and decomposition of concepts, such as the method of dogmatic metaphysics. However we intend to show that the proof method of the Critique of Pure Reason differs from dogmatism as this method is composed of two steps that go beyond the mere empty conceptual analysis. The first stage is found in the Analysis of Concepts, it is the transcendental deduction that aims to prove the objective validity of the categories; this stage has the essential role of not allowing philosophy, in its tests, to grope among mere empty concepts of objects, even without having any intuition. The second stage lies in proving the principles of understanding the Analytics of Principles; this stage aims to establish synthetic principles a priori, in a synthesis that has as its guiding thread not pure intuition, but possible experience. The present research, in opposition to the reading that Kant would have proposed a method of analytical proof for philosophy, intends to defend that the Critique of Pure Reason proposes in the Transcendental Doctrine of the Method and apply in the Transcendental Analytics a method of discursive synthesis. To this end, we also consider it necessary to investigate part of Kant's pre-critical period.
Efeitos do exercício aeróbio de baixa intensidade e da melatonina nos músculos esquelético e cardíaco de camundongos mdx
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-12-06) Bonjorno, Reinaldo Carlos; Cornachione, Anabelle Silva; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0547232657871313; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7736998168424578
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), affecting 1 in every 5,000 live births, affects the X chromosome, responsible for the synthesis of the dystrophin protein that maintains the stability of the cell membrane, making it resistant to mechanical forces. It causes ruptures, necrosis, and increased serum levels of cytoplasmic enzymes, which activate proteases, stimulating the degeneration of muscle fibers. The diagnosis is made through clinical examinations such as: muscle biopsy, Creatine Kinase (CK), and DNA measurement. Due to recurrent injuries, satellite cells are constantly activated to carry out the tissue repair process. In this way, these cells end up entering an exhaustion process, reducing the “pool” of quiescent cells, and affecting the regenerative process. Physical exercise is an important and low-cost therapy that has been explored in the rehabilitation of patients with DMD. Studies show that a lack of physical activity can determine changes in the functionality of the muscular, cardiac, and respiratory systems. Experimental studies with mdx mice have shown that low-intensity physical exercise increases the expression of CS, muscle mass, and strength and improves tissue cytoarchitecture. In parallel to therapies through physical exercise, DMD is also targeted by drugs. The most common of these is cortisol, a drug that is capable of significantly reducing the degenerative process of muscle fibers, but, on the other hand, causes side effects. Currently, melatonin has become the focus of research in the process of muscle regeneration after injury. Melatonin has several functions in the body, in addition to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Aiming at antioxidant and anti-inflammatory power, studies have shown that patients with DMD have increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and these same authors have found a significant reduction in muscle necrosis markers. Exogenous administration of melatonin has been shown to increase the number of satellite cells and improve the strength and tissue morphology of normal skeletal muscles after physical exercise. Objective: Our objective was to analyze the morphofunctional and biochemical characteristics of dystrophic, skeletal, and cardiac muscles, after treatment with melatonin associated with low-intensity physical exercise. Results: The handgrip test showed that low-intensity aerobic exercise associated with melatonin induced a significant increase in grip strength in mdxTRM animals compared to mdxTR. In the morphological analysis of skeletal and cardiac muscles, it was possible to observe an improvement in the tissue morphology of the animals that were treated with melatonin in relation to the groups that did not receive the i.p. application. of melatonin. Regarding satellite cells, we can observe that the groups that completed the 21 training sessions presented greater PAX7 content, with the mdxTR group being the one that presented greater content compared to all other groups. For myogenin, the mdx and mdxM groups showed higher CS content in the fusion and differentiation phase, when compared to the trained groups. Using the Western Blot technique, we obtained promising results regarding the expression of the utrophin protein in the heart muscle, even without statistical significance.” The procedures imposed separately showed an increase in utrophin content when compared to the mdx group. The association of exercise and melatonin proved to be more efficient in morphology and in increasing the expression of utrophin. Conclusion: Both low-intensity aerobic exercise and melatonin improved the morphology of the psoas and cardiac muscles and also skeletal muscle function and when combined, these morphofunctional characteristics were even more expressive.
Diagnóstico e seleção de modelos com resposta binária e função de ligação assimétrica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2023-12-06) Coelho, Fabiano Rodrigues; Guzmán, Jorge Luis Bazán; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8040998023074358; Novelli, Cibele Maria Russo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1011098065426388; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1356-0245; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1142248575230930
For binary response variables, probit and logit link functions are widely used. However, when the data is imbalanced, traditional approaches may not be suitable. In this thesis, we consider the skew-probit link function as a potential alternative for models with binary response. The parameters are estimated through a Bayesian approach using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo, and residual analysis is developed. Additionally, an extension for the case of mixed models is presented, with parameter estimation performed through numerical integration. As a practical application, we analyze two datasets. In both applications, it is possible to observe, through model selection criteria, that the skew-probit regression model is more efficient than traditional approaches. Computationally, for the fixed-effects model, we use the Stan language adapted to the R software. In the mixed case, the INLA methodology is considered. Proposals for future research are also discussed.