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Toxicidade de metais: uma avaliação em níveis molecular, individual e riscos para os ecossistemas aquáticos da Amazônia
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-03-08) Gomes, Diego Ferreira; Moreira, Raquel Aparecida; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4388003923600701; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9392-8067; Rocha, Odete; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7577441794992601; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0798-3316; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4901565121295295; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4434-0683
The continuous entry of metals into aquatic ecosystems is a global reality, exacerbated in developing countries. In Brazil, especially in the North region, where most of the Legal Amazon is located, multiple pollution sources have multiplied for decades, posing risks to the aquatic biota. In this perspective, ecotoxicological studies, including the use of biomarkers, and ecological risk assessment protocols, can provide relevant information about the environmental conditions of aquatic ecosystems in this biome. Thus, the main objective of this study was to describe a new species of ostracode and assess its acute sensitivity to metallic salts (CuSO4, CdCl2, HgCl2, ZnCl2), both individually and in combination, as well as to evaluate if environmentally relevant concentrations induce oxidative stress. Finally, an ecological risk assessment protocol was conducted to examine the risks associated with exposure to these metals. Individuals of the species Strandesia rondoniensis used in this study were collected in the Natural Park of Porto Velho, in the Amazon region (state of Rondônia, Brazil), acclimatized, and cultured in laboratory. The growth and reproduction rates of eleven adult individuals of S. rondoniensis were analyzed. The ecotoxicological evaluation involved the simultaneous exposure to each metal individually and in a mixture, through a factorial design for toxicity with 25 different combinations over 48 hours. For the ecological risk assessment, concentrations of metals measured in the waters of various aquatic environments in the Amazon basin were considered based on the risk quotient values. Furthermore, investigations into the responses of biomarkers (Reduced Glutathione – GSH, Lipoperoxides – LPO, Metallothionein – MT, Superoxide Dismutase – SOD, and DNA Strandbreak) were conducted for all metals. The results of taxonomic identification of the species showed a high morphological resemblance to Neostrandesia striata and Bradleytriebella lineata, even though the new species belongs to Strandesia genus, indicating evolutionary convergence. Life cycle analysis showed that individuals of S. rondoniensis exhibit rapid growth and high reproductive rates, favoring their use in laboratory studies. The ecotoxicological results indicated that the toxicity gradient of metals was Cd > Hg > Cu > Zn. Toxicity in the mixture showed that the combination of Cu-Cd and Cu-Zn fit the model better (CA), indicating primarily synergism when copper predominated in the mixture. Meanwhile, the Cu-Hg interaction fit the model better (IA), again indicating synergism when copper was at a higher concentration. The survey conducted in this study shows that, although metal concentrations in the water were generally low, these values were well above the limits established by current national legislation in many areas, showing higher concentrations for the metals Co, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Ni. Concentrations of Mn, Cu, Ba, Pb, Co, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cd, and As were particularly high in sediment for various evaluated environments. Ecological risk assessment for the water compartment revealed that 56% of the studied areas presented a high risk (RQ>1) for aquatic biota. In sediment, 66% of the locations showed high risk and 40% medium risk (RQ = 0.1-1). The contamination factor indicated that 49% of the sampling points showed high contamination, and only 24% showed low contamination. Furthermore, sublethal exposures showed that the antioxidant and detoxification system (SOD, GSH and MT) were activated by exposure to metals; however, not enough to contain oxidative damage; thus, increasing LPO levels, resulting in DNA breakage. Therefore, the continuous contamination of aquatic ecosystems in the Amazon region represents a concerning threat to aquatic biota, as the concentrations found in our study are considerably above tolerance limits for many species, especially for the ostracode S. rondoniensis used in this study.
Os mundos de Maracanã: obrigações, medos e transformações urbanas numa região da ilha de São Luís-MA
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-03-08) Alcobaça, Luzinele Everton de; Toledo, Luiz Henrique de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5366260223109463; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2518847975737313
Previously conceived as a settlement, Maracanã region (Maranhão, Brazil) is now composed by districts considered as rural and outskirts in the relation they establish with the urban centers of the region. Maracanã, Alegria and Vila Mochel share political, historical and cultural specificities concerning their flow of knowledge and people in varied contexts. Between 2013 and 2018, thousands of houses were built in the region through the Brazilian Social Housing Program “Minha Casa Minha Vida”. This was something producing an environmental impact in the swamps, rivers and juçara forests, in addition to producing a tension in the daily lives and traditional practices of its population. This research departs from the biographies of different families living in the districts of Maracanã and from my own experiences as an eventual dweller of the region. Then, I analyze the meanings of inhabiting places where the contexts of urban development and multiple devastations are present. These meanings are taken as outcoming from expanding urbanity and an advancing world that hesitates the possibilities of inter-knowledge and intersubjective trust. The reflections raised by my interlocutors make it evident the fears produced through relating. The obligations they comply with the catholic saints – which are expressed in the domestic space – potentially confront the fear of an urban violence to which the districts are associated when they dynamize a constrained spatiality. After all, it’s less likely that the fear of human actions domains us when the excess of religious happiness makes us feel like we’re in a good company
Educação empreendedora em um plano de negócios: experiência no ensino fundamental II
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-03-08) Silva, Conrado Valdovando da; Salvador, José Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2487171069472158; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3217-5035; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7861140400209619
In this project, we conceived, executed, and analyzed a didactic sequence that integrated various methodological approaches, notably the use of digital technologies and problem-solving. Our aim was to explore themes of educational entrepreneurship and financial education, as well as fundamental mathematical concepts such as fractions and percentages. With meticulous planning, we designed activities that established strong connections between entrepreneurship, financial education, and the relevant mathematical concepts involved. The core of this planning was to emphasize the practical application of these abstract concepts, so they could manifest in the students' reality. With meticulous planning, we designed activities that established strong connections between entrepreneurship, financial education, and the relevant mathematical concepts involved. The core of this planning was to emphasize the practical application of these abstract concepts, so they could manifest in the students' reality.
Síntese de derivados indólicos e avaliação frente ao Plasmodium falciparum
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-03-08) Januário, Marcelo Augusto Pereira; Corrêa, Arlene Gonçalves; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7425467156776144; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-2228; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3346840663135691; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7595-9879
Malaria is an infectious disease that leads to an acute, life-threatening condition. It is caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by the bite of female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. N-heterocycles are common in pharmaceutical industry, such as the indole nucleus, present in several drugs and occupying a notable position with respect to the generation of new antimalarial agents. Indole derivatives functionalized at the C-2 position are among the most active compounds against P. falciparum. C-H activation protocols at C-2 of indole with electron withdrawing groups have been widely studied and, through them, direct functionalization of the ring is achieved without the use of drastic reaction conditions. Nitrocompounds are a window of opportunity in organic synthesis and enable rapid access, for example, to amines via reduction, which can be trapped in situ to lead to functionalized products in a one pot fashion, a strategy commonly applied in the synthesis of Ugi adducts. This work aimed to synthesize 2-nitroalkylindoles through the development of a protocol for alkylation of indole at C-2 with nitrostyrenes via C-H activation and subsequent synthetic modification - Ugi reduction and condensation - of the nitro derivatives for the synthesis of peptidomimetics, towards the search for active compounds against the 3D7 strain of P. falciparum. Regarding the C-H activation reaction, a method was developed for the synthesis of (2-(2-nitro-1-phenylethyl)-1H-indol-1-l)(pyrrolidin-1-yl)methanones, catalysed by Rh( III), obtaining a total of 18 compounds, with yields between 39 and 80%. Next, the reduction of nitroalkylindoles to the corresponding amines was studied. Once the optimal condition for reduction was found, studies of the Ugi reaction began, which culminated in the synthesis of 14 compounds, with overall yields between 22 and 71%. Finally, the antiplasmodial activity of the synthesized compounds was performed against P. falciparum, and promising results were obtained with the peptidomimetics, motivating the synthesis of new adducts to contribute with the structure-activity relationship studies. Based on the skeleton of the most active compound, twenty-one compounds were prepared in 37 - 94% yield.
"Precisa ter gente!" Uma análise do MST e das crianças Sem Terrinha
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-03-08) Rudi, Luciana de Matos; Cohn, Clarice; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1714080901123094; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5446-7891; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0683360221239571
This doctoral thesis aims to present the conception of childhood and children within the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra – MST, based on the formulations made by the Movement itself, as well as the reflections of the "Sem Terrinha" children. The manner in which they engage with this conception, as well as the physical, symbolic, and political space they occupy within the organization, are elements discussed in this study. To achieve this, two “Encontros das Crianças Sem Terrinha" (Gatherings of the Sem Terrinha" children) were ethnographically studied, and educational documents and programs created by and for them were analyzed. This includes live broadcasts and programs, especially during the [voluntary] isolation periods of the pandemic, where ethnography was predominantly virtual. Furthermore, the thesis establishes a connection between the actions of the children and the broader initiatives undertaken by the MST in the struggle for land through popular agrarian reform, political agenda setting, and proposals to postpone the end of the world by creating a new world, with agroecology as a foundational national project. In this sense, the "Sem Terrinha" children emerge as significant agents of change, actively participating alongside the Landless Workers on various fronts.
Jovens entre “o ser e o vir a ser”: projeto de vida, programa ensino integral e terapia ocupacional social no ensino médio
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-03-08) Reis, Stéphany Conceição Correia Alves Guedes; Lopes, Roseli Esquerdo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1507752191797249; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9572-4586; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5054911281522128; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8663-997X
In Brazil, since the “First Republic”, education has undergone reforms that affect everyone levels, including high school. At the heart of these reforms, this level of education is traditionally marked by educational dualism, reproducing the power structures present in Brazilian society. To accentuate the differences, Brazilian high school is made up of different types of schools, which, in general, correspond to the social classes for which they are intended, such as the Integral Education Program (PEI) school, established by Department of Education of the State of São Paulo in 2012, which, in a pioneering way in the country, directed the curricula of the final years of elementary and high school towards protagonism of students around what were called “life projects”. This Program influenced the last reform of high school in the country, introduced in 2018, delegating to this level the function to subsidize young people in building their future projects. Taking this context, we return to understanding the offer and contours of the “Life Project” discipline in public high schools that, in 2021, were part of the PEI, linked to the Directorate of Teaching in the São Carlos Region, São Paulo (DER - São Carlos), from the perspective of DER, of the vice-principals, responsible for the life project axis in schools, of the teachers of this discipline and young people. We seek to understand the motivations, means, meanings and purposes of teaching high school youth how to plan their lives, as well as enabling production of subsidies to compose the “Life Project” discipline in dialogue with interests of young people and with the components of Basic Education in Brazil, having as reference to the theoretical-methodological contributions of social occupational therapy to support therapeutic-occupational actions in these schools. The data were collected/produced in a sequence of steps that involved the description and analysis of official documents regarding advocates Basic Education in Brazil, as well as those related to the PEI, interviews, questionnaires, dialogues and conversations in collective meetings and the holding of “Workshops of Activities, Dynamics and Projects” and “Singular and Territorial Monitoring”, technologies that have been proposed by social occupational therapy. The “Studies of Youth” have been configured as a field of interface between several areas that have, in one way or another, the “School” and its processes as a point of debate. With experiences developed so far, we defined the Life Project discipline, in the public school of the PEI, based on the phenomenon of ambiguity, since it holds the formative potential for serve young people’s reflection on their living conditions, their ethical values, their training and professional choice in a situated and critical way, in the same way that it can be at the service of the deepening of the structural inequalities of capitalism and market interests, reaffirming the permanence of educational dualism in high school, which, above all, does not effective full and disinterested training for the majority of young people who seek public school references for a better life, often made unfeasible by the place in which it is located. occupies and from where the future can be projected. Based on the survey and analysis of the normative texts of the PEI, we argue that the curricular component Life is a potential space for discussion, reflection and broadening perspectives of future of young people and knowledge of themselves and the world. In this way, we highlight the potential for social occupational therapy to work with young people in public schools, through presentation and discussion of the actions carried out in the schools that made up the empirical field of the research that supports this thesis in the Life Project discipline, with the “Workshops de Activities, Dynamics and Projects” and with “Singular and Territorial Monitoring”. It becomes possible with such actions to highlight the formative nature of the discipline to promote reception, dialogue, debate, recognition, social care, in addition to strengthening social support networks, working on future projects among these young people in an expanded way, envisioning the autonomy, citizenship and formation “for themselves” of these subjects.
A dimensão estética na educação ambiental: Uma análise a partir da pedagogia freireana
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-03-08) Oliveira, Clarissa Suelen; Silva, Antonio Fernando Gouvea da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9621931288117213; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8915-9952; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0155429220877053; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6137-9374
Aesthetics is a historical factor that is very present in our daily lives, but little discussed when it comes to education. The inseparability of educational concepts with aesthetic values is a premise from a perspective of Historical and Dialectical Materialism, since values are intrinsic to any parameter and dimension of contemporary society. In this thesis, aesthetic values were discussed and articulated with the concept of Environmental Education, which, in a critical, dialectical and transformative vision, understands and defends that the subjects' worldview and their social, cultural and historical factors must be the foundation of the knowledge construction process in educational institutions. In this way, based on bibliographical research in the literature of the area and experiences, analysis categories were constructed (authentic praxis, otherness and critical-humanizing sensitivity) for the investigation of examples of research on the subject, to analyze the relevance of the assertions, associated with aesthetic values, in the educational context. To this end, research was carried out in educational databases, books and articles that discussed this subject, thus allowing us to investigate a field little explored in academia. The works analyzed had some elements that consider aesthetic aspects. However, there was no explicit and, often, implicit contemplation of all aspects in the texts. That said, it is understood that the theme involving the relationship of Critical Environmental Education, from a Freirean perspective, based on Historical and Dialectical Materialism that addresses aesthetic issues, is still scarce in academia. Therefore, other studies are suggested that look at the context and seek to report the factors of oppression, exploitation, exclusion, vulnerabilities and wide open inequalities of the current social system, and also announce propositions for social transformations that education has the potential to provide, based on authentic praxis, in critical-humanizing sensitivity and in the alterity between subjects, that aim at the emancipation of subjects and humanization.
Estratégias preventivas de eventos adversos com medicamentos potencialmente perigosos em hospitais: uma revisão de escopo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-03-08) Santos, Geovana Oliveira Anschau dos; Zem-Mascarenhas, Silvia Helena; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0185144417072417; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7753-6725; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7068345126847973; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3934-898X
Potentially Hazardous Medications, also known as high-alert medications, are considered to have an increased risk of causing significant harm to patients through adverse events. The multidisciplinary healthcare team plays a substantial role in risk management and the development of effective strategies to prevent these adverse events. Objective: To map the scientific production on the use of strategies to prevent adverse events with Potentially Hazardous Medications by multidisciplinary teams in hospitals. Method: This is a Scoping Review guided by the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Searches were conducted from November 2023 to January 2024 in the following databases: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature; PubMed/Medline; Scopus. Grey literature included the analysis of dissertations and theses published in the Capes Theses and Dissertations Portal and EBSCO Open Dissertations. Results: Initially, a total of 1,687 studies were identified, but only 14 studies were included in the review. After reading and extracting data, contents were grouped based on their similarities and differences, resulting in three categories: Potentially Hazardous Medications risk management; Healthcare professionals' knowledge deficit about Potentially Hazardous Medications; Strategies in preventing adverse events with Potentially Hazardous Medications. Conclusion: This scoping review mapped the use of preventive strategies for adverse events with Potentially Hazardous Medications by multidisciplinary teams in hospitals. In summary, the reviewed studies indicate that a multifaceted approach involving pharmaceutical intervention, patient safety committees, the use of technologies, standardized classification, the establishment of barriers and alerts, and continuous professional training are the most effective strategies in preventing adverse events related to Potentially Hazardous Medications.