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Emergência de intraverbal e intraverbal reverso após treino de discriminação condicional em crianças com autismo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-04-17) Campesan, Patrícia Contreras; Elias, Nassim Chamel; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4216525883778695; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4197-623X; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9719922650195261; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0382-4219
Verbal behavior, like all operant behavior, produces consequences capable of maintaining, increasing or decreasing its frequency. It is analyzed based on units called verbal operants, intraverbal being one of them. Studies have shown the importance of teaching intraverbals to children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), as this group experiences greater difficulty with these repertoires. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of teaching tact and listener behavior on the emergence of complex intraverbals in the question-answer format. The participants comprised four children diagnosed with ASD. Initially, the CARS protocol was applied with the family, an intraverbal repertoire survey protocol and a probe with twenty questions in three baseline sessions. Of these questions, three that the participant did not answer correctly were selected for the teaching phases. The other seven questions were used as controls. Next, they were exposed to the teaching of name-figure and question-figure conditional discriminations and a tactile test for the figures. Finally, the ten questions were reapplied. The results show that new questions emerged from the teaching, which may contribute to teaching savings.
Método de avaliação do espaço urbano quanto à seguridade percebida pelas mulheres ao caminharem
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-04-17) Rodrigues, Lara Reis; Ribeiro, Rochele Amorim; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7245761274405860; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-8789; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4754409592104394; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8945-9015
Walking is the most basic and fundamental way of mobility, allowing connectivity and interaction between the individual and the built environment. However, research has demonstrated that the characteristics of the built environment influences the perceived security by pedestrians and the option to walk. Furthermore, gender is one of the most relevant variables in this aspect, considering that the chances of women choosing to travel on foot are approximately twice smaller compared to men. Bearing in mind that security concerns the prevention of risks to the personal, physical and psychological integrity of the individual, this research is based on the following question: what evaluation method can support the planning of urban areas perceptibly more secure for walking, especially for women? Thus, the general objective of this work was to propose a method of evaluating of the urban space in terms of the perceived security by women when walking. The study consisted of three stages: (1) selection of characteristics of the built environment that interfere on the perceived security of pedestrians, considering mainly the female gender; (2) definition of an instrument of evaluating of the perception of security of the pedestrian in urban spaces, through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP); and (3) carrying out a case study in an urban area with the aim of mapping locations that are more or less secure perceptibly for pedestrians, considering gender, using a Geographic Information System (GIS). For the development of the stage 1, a bibliographical review was carried out about the topic, made possible through analysis of national and international publications, of scientific and technical nature, available in libraries and virtual search engines. In the stage 2, a questionnaire was applied to obtain the weights and the prioritization hierarchy of the measures and aspects previously selected, through the perception of the interviewees, considering the general average and the gender filter, as well as ethnicity, age group and sexual orientation. As for the stage 3, the central area of the city of Franca (SP) was delimited as the object of study. In general, the results are (i) the proposal of eight measures grouped into four aspects of the urban space; (ii) obtaining the following prioritization hierarchy, from the most important aspect to the least important by the general average: circulation of people (0,30), surveillance (0,27), street maintenance (0,22) and attractiveness of the urban space (0,21); and (iii) visualization of differences in the evaluation of the study area regarding to the perception of security between female and male pedestrians. The work supports public management with regard to the urban and transport planning, in addition to contributing to the state of the art through the selection, consideration and mapping of the main characteristics of the built environment that affects the perceived security when walking.
Biotransformação de flavonoides em lagartas do gênero Spodoptera
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-04-17) Leal Netto, Renato Cardoso; Forim, Moacir Rossi; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1234565160573730; Wouters, Felipe Christoff; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4392349445398645; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1650455934651112
Caterpillars of the genus Spodoptera are polyphagous herbivorous insects, meaning they feed on a wide variety of crops, which are of great economic interest in Brazil, including corn, cotton, sorghum, and soybeans. Although these crops are well protected by their main defensive compounds, such as flavonoids, larvae of species in this genus are still able to develop in plantations, suggesting a high detoxification capacity against these compounds, despite little being known about the products of this metabolism. Available data on the adaptation of phytophagous insects to plant chemical defenses suggest that, although the chemical structure of some synthetic insecticides is similar to these xenobiotics, defense characteristics differ between these two selection classes. Thus, this work aimed to identify and compare the products of flavonoid metabolism by these insects and the genes and enzymes involved in these biotransformations, which may provide information about their high capacity to adapt to new host plants, potentially revealing new strategies for their control in the field. This study aimed to investigate the detoxification capacity of flavonoids and isoflavones in species of the genus Spodoptera. Qualitative analysis of fecal extracts from these insects was performed by LC-MS/MS after oral administration of the compounds of interest, and the data obtained from each species were compared. The resulting molecular network from mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses in positive mode consisted of 3457 precursor ions for S. frugiperda extract, 1644 for S. cosmioides extract, and 728 for S. eridania extract, which were presented as nodes (interconnected or unique). Additionally, the GNPS platform was able to annotate a total of 36, 42, and 29 substances for S. frugiperda, S. cosmioides, and S. eridania, respectively, providing a comprehensive visualization of the compounds present in the extracts of the respective treatments. It is worth noting that among these compounds annotated by GNPS, only 7 substances were considered of interest for the discussion of S. frugiperda results, 9 substances for S. cosmioides, and 8 for S. eridania. Furthermore, an additional 9 substances, which were not annotated, were considered derivatives of compounds with a flavanic nucleus. In addition to mono-glycosylated derivatives in fecal extracts from the 3 tested caterpillar species with the 4 aglycones, other compounds were identified in fecal extracts of Spodoptera frugiperda, S. cosmioides, and S. eridania larvae fed only with diet enriched with aglycone standards, including different regioisomers. It was observed that S. eridania was able to glycosylate only the daidzein standard, while S. frugiperda and S. cosmioides presented glycosylated derivatives of all administered standards, generating possibly less toxic compounds. Our results provide qualitative information about possible biochemical reactions employed by 3 species of the genus Spodoptera in the metabolism of compounds with a flavanic skeleton and significantly contribute to future research on their chemically defended "insect-plant" interactions.