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Perfil do conhecimento de mulheres sobre a atuação do fisioterapeuta em obstetrícia: estudo transversal
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-07-10) Oliveira, Marina Lopes de; Vilela, Ingrid da Costa; https://lattes.cnpq.br/ 9193209532717888; Driusso, Patricia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8898319491890063; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8067-9786; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5802439468277795
Physiotherapy in obstetrics encompasses preparation for childbirth, care during labor, and the postpartum period. Despite advances in physiotherapy for women's health in obstetrics, women's knowledge of the benefits of physiotherapy interventions throughout the pregnancy and postpartum cycle is believed to be limited. Objectives: This study aimed to assess Brazilian women's knowledge of the role of physiotherapists in obstetrics. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive analysis was conducted, with online data collection, involving Brazilian women aged 18 and older. The questionnaire included socioeconomic and demographic information, obstetric and gynecological history, general knowledge, and knowledge of physiotherapy during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Results: Among the 300 participants, the majority were from the Southeast region, with a mean age of 33 years and a predominance of women with more than 11 years of education. Approximately 30% had a background in healthcare. Participants demonstrated knowledge of the general benefits of physical therapy during pregnancy and the postpartum period, especially for pain relief and urinary incontinence prevention. However, there was a lack of knowledge regarding specific techniques, such as perineal massage. Waist trainers were incorrectly identified by 46.7% as effective in treating abdominal diastasis. Only a small proportion reported receiving physical therapy during pregnancy (3.7%), childbirth (0.3%), or postpartum (0.6%). Discussion: Significant gaps remain regarding the resources used by physical therapists and incorrect information, such as the use of waist trainers to treat diastasis. The low frequency of physical therapy follow-up during different periods of maternity suggests underutilization of these services, possibly associated with a lack of access to these professionals. These findings reinforce the need for educational initiatives and policies that promote greater visibility and integration of physical therapy in women's health care. Conclusion: Despite some knowledge about physiotherapy in women's health, gaps and misinformation persist among participants regarding obstetrics. The low prevalence of physiotherapy care highlights the need to expand access to services and strengthen educational initiatives that value the role of physiotherapists in obstetric care.
Desafios enfrentados por enfermeiras(os) no planejamento reprodutivo no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde: uma revisão de escopo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-07-10) Darius, Floriane; Borges, Flávio Adriano; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2146448542549482; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5941-4855; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4367268705666505; https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0415-2759
Reproductive Planning (RP) is a fundamental human right essential to sexual and reproductive health and autonomy. In Brazil, despite the legal framework provided by the Unified Health System (UHS), millions still lack access to modern contraceptive methods, resulting in unplanned pregnancies. Socioeconomic, cultural, and service-related barriers persist, further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To synthesize national scientific knowledge regarding the challenges faced by nurses in implementing Reproductive Planning in Primary Health Care (PHC) in Brazil. Methods: A scoping review was conducted based on the Joanna Briggs Institute and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Searches were performed between March and April 2024 in the BVS, Scopus, Web of Science, CAPES Journals, and ERIC databases, using descriptors in Portuguese, English, and Spanish. Inclusion criteria comprised primary studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses addressing RP actions carried out by nurses in PHC. Incomplete studies or those not focused on the topic were excluded. From 1,524 initially identified records, 10 studies were selected for full-text reading after screening by two independent reviewers. Data analysis included a narrative-descriptive synthesis and thematic analysis focusing on convergences and divergences. Results and Discussion: The studies revealed that nursing is recognized as playing a key role in RP, although the effectiveness of its practices varies between structured and fragmented approaches. The inclusion of partners in RP is a consensual need, but its implementation remains incipient, reflecting a limited view of female responsibility and little attention to gender diversity. Continuing professional education is considered essential, but it remains a barrier or proves ineffective in the face of organizational obstacles. Structural failures in services, such as shortages of supplies, bureaucratic hurdles to access methods like the DIU, and the predominance of oral contraceptive use, were identified as problematic. Health education, crucial for user autonomy, is often reported as sporadic. Nursing practice frequently tends to be individual and biologicist, diverging from national policy principles and WHO recommendations, directly impacting access to and adherence to RP. The findings highlight the urgent need to reorganize services, strengthen continuing health education, and expand the gender approach to build more effective and inclusive PHC. Conclusions: Although RP is a fundamental right, it still faces persistent challenges to its effective implementation in Brazilian PHC. Nursing plays a leading role in this context, but its performance is limited by organizational barriers, insufficient training, and fragmented educational practices. Investment in continuing health education, service reorganization, expanded access to diverse contraceptive methods, and the inclusion of partners and other gender identities in RP are essential. Public policies must ensure equity and comprehensive care, aligning health practices with sexual and reproductive rights, aiming to build fairer and more effective PHC.
Práticas pedagógicas nas escolas indígenas: um estudo bibliográfico de teses e dissertações na área de educação
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-07-10) Santos, Marcineia Vieira de Almeida; Almeida, Luana Costa; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4647168712265513; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0664-6796; Tupinambá de Olivença; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8178429857342686; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7176-8218
Contextualized within the debate on education policies for indigenous peoples and on the principles arising from the indigenous movement, this thesis focuses on Indigenous School Education, with special attention to the pedagogical practices of indigenous basic education schools. Based on research on Indigenous School Education, at the master's and doctoral levels in the area of education, we analyze whether the pedagogical practices of indigenous schools are being implemented in a differentiated, specific, bilingual/multilingual and intercultural way, as guaranteed by Brazilian legislation to realize the right of indigenous peoples to their own learning processes. This bibliographic research mapped the theses and dissertations produced in the field of education, published between 1996 and 2020, available in the Catalog of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Capes). Our investigation was conducted in two stages: (1) mapping the studies on Indigenous School Education; (2) conducting an in-depth analysis of studies that addressed pedagogical practices in indigenous schools – time, space, materials, and resources in the organization of pedagogical work. The analysis of studies shows that indigenous schools’ pedagogical practices have increasingly aligned with the principles of differentiation, specificity, bilingualism/multilingualism, and interculturality, particularly through teachers’ initiatives and strategies; however, these practices do not represent the entirety of the organization of pedagogical work in these schools. While this scenario can be understood as progress in the field of Indigenous School Education, significant challenges remain related to insufficient understanding and practice of intercultural dialog by the state, through its departments of education. These challenges should be addressed in order to fully guarantee indigenous peoples’ right to their own learning processes.
O impacto da pré-tarefa no desempenho oral e escrito de alunos em tarefas comunicativas em inglês a partir de uma proposta de aprendizagem colaborativa
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-07-10) Goulart, Fernanda; Barbirato, Rita de Cassia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6962819573963727; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3966418603342546; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4084-0795
The main objective of this doctoral research was to evaluate the impact of pre-task activities on students’ oral and written performance when engaged in communicative tasks in English, within the context of a Thematic Task-Based Language Teaching framework. To this end, a methodological proposal for the pre-task phase was developed, emphasizing the construction of language learning through the creation of a collaborative environment fostered by interaction between teacher and students, as well as among students themselves. The theoretical foundations of the pre-task phase are grounded in studies on interaction and collaboration in foreign language teaching (Allwright, 1984; Almeida Filho; Barbirato, 2016; Figueiredo, 2019), along with the notions of meaning negotiation and reactive focus on form (Long, 2015, 2016). Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory (1978) supports key concepts such as collaborative learning (Torres; Irala, 2014), knowledge co-construction (Figueiredo, 2019; Swain, 2000), collaborative dialogues (Swain, 2000), and the process of scaffolding (Figueiredo, 2019; Swain; Watanabe, 2013). This investigation was conducted through the implementation of nine task cycles – composed of pre-task, task, and post-task phases – centered around the theme “Cultural Diversity,” which guided the development of didactic materials for an in-person English course offered to 14 students enrolled in two technical high school programs at a Federal Institute located in the interior of São Paulo state, Brazil. This is a qualitative-interpretive study (Moita Lopes, 1994). Data generation instruments included questionnaires, interviews, video recordings of classroom interactions, and the tasks produced by the participants throughout the course. Data analysis was based on the selection and organization of the corpus and the identification of emerging patterns. The results revealed that: (1) the pre-task phase promoted student agency in the learning process, contributing to the joint construction of linguistic knowledge and thematic content; (2) participants positively evaluated the pre-task activities, recognizing their role in generating ideas and learning relevant vocabulary; and (3) the tasks produced by the students showed elements that had been explored during the pre-task phase. It is concluded that the pre-task phase had a positive impact on students’ performance in oral and written communicative tasks. The findings of this study contribute to the advancement of research in task-based language teaching, particularly regarding the role of pre-task activities in promoting meaningful and collaborative target language learning within the framework of a Thematic Task-Based Language Teaching approach.
Aplicações e desafios em biomateriais poliméricos para fabricação de corações artificiais e dispositivos cardiovasculares
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-07-10) Rodrigues, Lucas Guerra Caires; Marini, Juliano; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4533610255047654
This study aims to present an in-depth review of the main polymers used in implantable cardiovascular devices, discussing their structural properties, chemical stability, biological response, and future perspectives regarding their clinical application. Relevant cases of synthetic heart valves and artificial hearts based on advanced materials, such as polycarbonate urethane (PCU), POSS-PCU, SiPUU, and FGO-PCU, are analyzed. These polymers have demonstrated excellent fatigue resistance, flexibility, and low susceptibility to calcification, making them highly suitable for environments subject to intense cyclic loading, such as the intracardiac system. In addition to the material characterization, the study emphasizes the influence of manufacturing techniques, including electrospinning, solution casting, and 3D printing, on the definition of morphology, fiber orientation, and functional performance of the devices. In the context of artificial hearts, case studies such as the SynCardia Total Artificial Heart (TAH) and the experimental Soft Total Artificial Heart (sTAH) highlight the importance of geometric customization, biomimetic design, and careful selection of elastomeric materials, such as PDMS and reinforced silicone composites, to ensure effective hemodynamic performance and structural durability. Finally, emerging trends in the use of polymeric biomaterials are discussed, including the development of smart polymers capable of responding to physiological stimuli, systems with controlled degradation, biofunctionalized surfaces, and devices tailored through advanced additive manufacturing techniques. These advances aim to enhance the functionality, safety, and longevity of implantable devices, contributing to broader access to innovative therapies and reducing dependence on heart transplants.
Análise das decisões do CADE em atos de concentração econômica envolvendo empresas atuantes no setor de geração de energia elétrica no Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-07-10) Paula, Renan Gabriel de; Pitelli, Mariusa Momenti; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2810339285129049
The Brazilian electricity sector is characterized as a capital-intensive industry composed of specific assets (Dontal, 2012), and is understood to be a strategic system essential to the functioning of various economic activities (Bacellar; Gonçalves, 2021). With regard specifically to the power generation market, the strong presence of private initiative stands out, evidenced by the large number of operational projects, which reflects the entry of independent producers and the encouragement of competition (Pessoa, 2022). Despite this, a significant concentration of installed capacity remains under state control (Albuquerque, 2009). Projections for the coming years indicate the expansion of the national energy matrix, with a predominance of renewable sources (EPE, 2025). In this context, the present study aims to examine how the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) analyzed merger cases in the electricity generation market decided between 2020 and 2024. It was found that most of these transactions were approved without restrictions, with the fast-track review procedure being predominantly applied. The case evaluated under the ordinary procedure was also approved without restrictions, with CADE following the steps outlined in its Guidelines and conducting a thorough analysis regarding the potential exercise of market power after the transaction.
Detecção de discurso de ódio: análise de modelos clássicos e redes neurais com estratégias de balanceamento
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-07-10) Oliveira, Júlia Aparecida Sousa de; Valejo, Alan Demétrius Baria; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9546164790189830
With the growth of internet access and, consequently, the expansion of social media, new opportunities for communication, interaction, and information exchange have emerged on a global scale. However, this virtual environment has also enabled the spread of negative content, such as hate speech. Hate speech can be understood as any expression that promotes violence or discrimination against individuals or groups based on characteristics such as race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, among others. In this context, the present study focused on evaluating machine learning models by comparing traditional algorithms and neural networks applied to textual data extracted from social media containing hate speech. Balancing techniques such as class weight, oversampling, and undersampling were employed as a way to handle class imbalance. The results showed that traditional classifiers demonstrated greater consistency in the weighted F-Score and AUC metrics, even in the original scenario without balancing treatment, reaching values above 0.93. On the other hand, neural network-based models, such as MLP, CNN, and LSTM, proved to be more sensitive to the type of balancing, suggesting the need for adjustments to improve their generalization capacity.
Insights sobre a evolução termo-tectônica da Ilha Alexander, Península Antártica, via Termocronologia por Traços de Fissão e geocronologia U-Pb em zircão.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-07-10) Nunes, Lucas Alexander; Dias, Airton Natanael Coelho; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7070166380084691; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3782-7293; Fernandes, Erminio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2770392631554400; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-968X; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8257170648151289; https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7049-9468
The thermo-tectonic evolution of the western Antarctic Peninsula remains poorly understood. Although geochronological studies have already been conducted in the region using methods such as U-Pb, Lu-f, and others—capable of dating the origin and emplacement of plutonic, volcanic, or sedimentary rocks— here is still a significant lack of data in intermediate to low-temperature ranges. Such data are essential for identifying geological events that occurred after the crystallization of the rocks, including processes such as denudation, uplift, and exhumation. In this context, this study applied Fission Track Thermochronology (FTT) and U-Pb geochronology in zircon from samples collected on Alexander Island, Antarctic Peninsula, aiming to better understand its thermo-tectonic evolution. This methodology is well-suited to addressing significant uncertainties regarding the age of igneous and sedimentary components of the island. Zircon is a common accessory mineral in igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It is physically and chemically resistant, capable of "surviving" long geological periods and, in many cases, preserving a record of each geological event it has undergone. It incorporates trace elements such as U, Th, and Pb into its crystal structure, which is crucial for geochronological analyses, including the U-Pb method also applied in this study. Its ability to retain thermal history information from the source area is invaluable for elucidating geological processes related to a variety of geodynamic settings. Consequently, FTT in zircon has been widely used in association with other radiometric dating methods, such as those mentioned above. As a result, new insights were obtained on the region's geological evolution, contributing to the understanding of tectonic processes that occurred during the Mesozoic.
Determinantes da adoção de tecnologias de agricultura digital por produtores de soja do estado de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-07-10) Damasceno, Rodrigo; Carrer, Marcelo José; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6178330814144839; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5994207655389183; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2896-2976
Digital technologies have been changing production processes and business models in various industries by enhancing technical efficiency, fostering innovation, and enabling unprecedented access to data and information. This dissertation has two complementary objectives: (i) to identify and describe the main Digital Agriculture Technologies (DAT) adopted by soybean producers in the state of São Paulo; (ii) to identify the determinants of adoption and intensity of use of these technologies by farmers. First, a systematic literature review on digital technology adoption by grain farmers was conducted. Following this review and meetings with researchers and supply chain agents, a structured questionnaire was developed for microdata collection. A primary dataset of 150 soybean farms in the 2023/2024 crop year (cross-sectional survey) was obtained to perform empirical analysis. The data were collected in field research carried out between May and October of 2024. Econometric models of qualitative choice (logit regression) and count data (Poisson) were applied to identify the determining factors for the adoption and intensity in use of eight different DAT - grid soil sampling, variable rate seed application, variable rate fertilizer application, yield monitor, yield map, GPS auto-steer (autopilot), management software, and drone. The findings indicate that soybean area, farmer experience with soybean production, access to private consultancy, and education positively influence the adoption of most DA technologies, while cost perception negatively affects these farmers’ decisions. The results of Poisson model showed that more intensive adopters of digital technologies are more innovative and experienced, have higher levels of schooling, manage larger farms, hire consultancy services, and have a lower perception of digital technology costs. The empirical results of the work can contribute to farmers' resource allocation decisions and can also guide public policy design, helping agricultural extension agents, consultants, and technology developers in their strategies. Recommendations for future research include the investigation of the relationship between the adoption of digital agriculture technologies and their effects on total factor productivity (TFP) indicators. Additionally, the integration of climate-related variables into productivity analyses is suggested, as this may offer more robust insights into the environmental factors influencing agricultural efficiency and technological outcomes.
Comparação entre rotas de processamento para a produção de fitas de espessura micrométricas de ligas de titânio
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-07-10) Reis, Carolina; Spinelli, José Eduardo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8882038118634925
The industrial use of titanium and its alloys began approximately 75 years ago, initially driven by military and aeronautical applications. Today, these materials are widely employed in aerospace, medical, and sports sectors, owing to the ability to tailor mechanical properties through microstructural control, influenced by chemical composition and processing routes. For the production of pure titanium and titanium alloy foils with micrometer-scale thickness, three processes are commonly applied: rolling, rapid solidification via melt overflow, and tape casting. This work evaluated the main aspects of each route without identifying a clearly advantageous process. A literature review revealed overlapping geometric ranges among the methods, with thicknesses between 230 and 740 μm and the potential for producing foils with widths of several tens of centimeters and lengths on the order of meters. All routes were found capable of generating dense microstructures with grain sizes in the range of tens of micrometers. However, the lack of detailed analyses of microstructure and properties limited conclusions regarding the interchangeability of one process over another for producing micrometer-thick titanium foils. Despite the specific features of each processing route, all of them are applied to a common sector: aerospace. In this field, α, α+β, and Al-rich alloys predominate. Nevertheless, the β alloy Ti-15Mo-3Al-3Nb (wt.%) was identified as a promising alternative to the traditionally used Ti-6Al-4V (wt.%), as it exhibits comparable or superior mechanical properties. It was also observed that the choice of the most suitable process depends on economic factors such as labor, equipment, raw material costs, and production volume. However, establishing this relationship would require an economic batch size analysis, which lies beyond the scope of this work.
Análise do efeito de tratamento térmico na resistência à corrosão da liga Mg-10Gd-1Eu-1Zn-0,2Zr visando aplicações biomédicas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-07-10) Falci, Lucca Donatão Gonçalves; Spinelli, José Eduardo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8882038118634925
Magnesium alloys containing rare-earth elements have emerged in recent years as promising alternatives to conventional Mg alloys, particularly due to their improved corrosion resistance. Initial studies on their application as bioabsorbable implants are already reported in the literature. The aim of this undergraduate thesis was to investigate the effect of a heat treatment protocol (solutionizing + aging) on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the Mg-10Gd-1Eu-1Zn-0.2Zr (wt.%) alloy. Microstructural characterization techniques were combined with electrochemical methods for corrosion evaluation. Corrosion tests were conducted in simulated body fluid at 37 °C to replicate a bioactive environment. In both conditions (as-cast and heat-treated), a dendritic microstructure was observed, consisting of an α-Mg matrix and interdendritic secondary phases (W phase – (Mg,Zn)₃RE and 14H-LPSO phase). In the heat-treated alloy, the precipitation of a cubic Gd-rich phase was also identified. Comparison between the two conditions revealed coarsening of the microstructure, with the secondary dendritic arm spacing increasing from 44 to 97 µm and the fraction of interdendritic phases decreasing from 26% to 8%. Regarding corrosion behavior, heat treatment enhanced corrosion resistance, reducing the corrosion rate from 8.4 mm/year to 3.1 mm/year. Electrochemical tests indicated that the first 60 hours of immersion were critical for this improvement, suggesting the formation of a more stable protective film in the heat-treated alloy, which delayed the onset of degradation. The corrosion mechanism was similar in both conditions, differing mainly in intensity: an initial stage of protective film formation was followed by film breakdown and reformation of a porous, defective layer with reduced adherence to the metal.
Downside risk e médias móveis para otimização de carteiras investimentos e do processo de compra e venda de ativos financeiros
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-07-10) Rodrigues, Denise Maria; Carvalho, Silvia Maria Simões de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8244087426759161; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9519-9339; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9276318363574460
This work proposes the optimization of investment portfolios through modeling with Quadratic Programming, using the Downside Risk model to minimize potential losses, which makes it more suitable for conservative profiles than traditional risk measures. In addition, moving average analysis is incorporated as a tool to assist in asset buy and sell decisions. The mathematical model was implemented in Python, considering practical allocation constraints and real data from the stock market. Three distinct portfolios were constructed and analyzed over different time windows, with performance compared to the Ibovespa index. The results show that the proposed methodology produced portfolios with superior performance in terms of risk-adjusted return. The research contributes to the practical application of Operations Research methods in Finance, reinforcing the role of mathematical optimization in decision-making under uncertainty.
A docência do ensino fundamental I no período pandêmico e pós-pandêmico: uma análise de produções acadêmicas entre os anos de 2020 e 2024
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-07-10) Covre, Luciana Mara; Onofre, Márcia Regina; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7176529351192598; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5382409387238062; Bueno, Andressa de Oliveira Martins; Cruz, Eliana Marques Ribeiro; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3408889024160865
This study advocates for the valorization of teaching as a profession, the recognition of the knowledge mobilized in teaching practice, and the strengthening of the professionalization movement in our country. Its relevance lies in its effort to highlight the driving force that motivated teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic period in which a new institutional order was established in schools, leading to radical changes in educational proposals and interpersonal relationships. In this context, the following research question was formulated: What do academic publications reveal about the challenges faced in professional practice by elementary school teachers (grades 1 to 5) during the pandemic? To address this question, the study aimed to present a bibliographic review of academic works produced between 2020 and 2024 on the challenges encountered in the professional practice of elementary school teachers during and after the pandemic. To develop the study, authors aligned with the epistemology of professional practice were utilized, following a qualitative and exploratory-descriptive approach, guided by a literature review of the field. The goal was to highlight how literature addressed the challenges faced in professional practice by elementary school teachers during this period. The analysis results point to striking similarities in the challenges faced by teachers in both the pandemic and post-pandemic contexts. These include: the constant need for teachers to adapt; difficulties in using and accessing technological and digital tools; the lack of training policies that are better integrated with the school reality; emotional overload caused by fear and anxiety experienced during the crisis; physical exhaustion due to excessive workload and the merging of home and work environments; and the emergence of collaborative practices as strategies to cope with the challenges imposed by the new social order. These aspects lead us to understand that teaching is not merely about acquiring techniques, but involves the mobilization and production of plural, composite, and heterogeneous knowledge constructed through practice, mediated by time, and shaped by historical and social contexts. However, this work assumes the need to create institutional and political conditions that support teacher training and professional practice in a dignified and continuous manner, especially in the face of daily uncertainties, innovations, difficulties, and catastrophic events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This study fulfills its political and pedagogical role by analyzing this unique historical moment, exposing weaknesses in basic education and the lack of policies aimed at the professionalization of teaching. Thus, by analyzing reports and research, it becomes clear that—despite changing context structural challenges persist, requiring closer attention to the construction of teaching knowledge based on real, situated practice. The pandemic, with all its difficulties, revealed how essential it is to value teachers as reflective individuals and protagonists of their own professional development, reaffirming the inseparability of practice and training in the teaching profession.