Turismo na Amazônia ocidental: as transformações do ecoturismo na Comunidade Quilombola de Pedras Negras, Vale do Guaporé, Rondônia
Abstract
The Guaporé Valley, in Rondônia State, Western Amazon, Brazil, is home to a rich bioculturality with communities of both locally traditional and indigenous people who permanently experience socio-environmental conflicts – among them, the Quilombola Community of Pedras Negras, which has an interesting and little-known history of community ecotourism. Around 1990, an internationally recognized project of community ecotourism was implemented in the Pedras Negras and Curralinho Extractive Reserves, they received technical, financial and training support from various institutions: entities, civil society organizations, public management, amongst others. Thus, the goal of the research was to analyze the transformations, the conflicts and the challenges existing in the Quilombola Community of Pedras Negras, located in Vale do Guaporé, Rondônia, due to tourism development, based on the history of conception and execution of the proposal, as well as for management and public policies related to tourism in this region. To do so, we first resorted to a systematic bibliographic review and documentary research, including analysis of tourism management and public policies in the state of Rondônia. Properly on site and, while the community's inhabitants being the main action in tourism management, interviewing, participant observation and field diary were the techniques used. The results indicate that the community ecotourism project was based on the guidelines of the World Wildlife Fund's Community-Based Ecotourism Manual (WWF, 2003), with strategic planning, responsible and participatory implementation, and community tourism management; notably focused on nature conservation. Nevertheless, over time, without the support and involvement of partner institutions, the community ecotourism was discontinued, what became fishing tourism. The local development of the Pedras Negras quilombo is compromised, firstly due to the lack of basic sanitation conditions, necessary infrastructure, river public transport, food shortages, health support, in addition to others; secondly the non-responsible practice of tourism currently in use. The monopolized management of sport fishing only contributes occasional and uneven financial benefits to the community, seriously affecting the well-being and integrity of socio-biodiversity, not to mention, causing multiple environmental, social and cultural impacts. The lack of community management for tourism is today one of the many challenges that the community needs to face for the development of community-based tourism, aiming to value traditional communities through effective participation that generates endogenous, socioeconomic development fair and sustainable. El Vale do Guaporé, en el estado de Rondônia, en la amazonía occidental de Brasil, alberga una rica bioculturalidad. En la zona habitan comunidades tradicionales, indígenas y palenqueras (o negras) que permanentemente enfrentan conflictos socioambientales. Entre ellas, está la Comunidad Palenquera de Pedras Negras que tiene una historia interesante y poco conocida de ecoturismo comunitario. Aproximadamente en 1990 se implementó, en las reservas extractivistas de Pedras Negras y Curralinho, un proyecto de ecoturismo comunitario que alcanzó reconocimiento internacional y contó con apoyo técnico y financiero de diversas instituciones: entidades, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, gestión pública, entre otros. A partir del diseño y ejecución de la propuesta de ecoturismo comunitario en la región, así como del desarrollo de políticas públicas y la gestión relacionadas, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las transformaciones, conflictos y desafíos que se presentan hoy en la Comunidad Palenquera de Pedras Negras. Para ello, se realizó primero una revisión bibliográfica sistemática y una investigación documental, incluyendo el análisis de la gestión turística y de las políticas públicas en Rondônia. Siendo los habitantes de la comunidad los actores principales en la gestión turística, se realizó – posteriormente – el trabajo de campo en el que se utilizaron técnicas de entrevista, observación participante y diario de campo. Los resultados indican que el proyecto de ecoturismo comunitario se basó en los lineamientos del Manual de Ecoturismo Comunitario del Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza (WWF, 2003), con planificación estratégica, implementación responsable y participativa, y gestión del turismo comunitario, centrado especialmente en la conservación de la naturaleza. Sin embargo, con el tiempo, y sin el apoyo y la participación de las instituciones asociadas, el ecoturismo comunitario quedó descontinuado, transformándose en turismo de pesca. El desarrollo local del Palenque de Pedras Negras está comprometido, principalmente por la falta de condiciones básicas de saneamiento, infraestructura necesaria, transporte fluvial público, escasez de alimentos, apoyo en salud, entre otros. Así mismo, actualmente se encuentran prácticas no responsable de turismo. El manejo monopolizado de la pesca deportiva sólo aporta beneficios financieros ocasionales y desiguales a la comunidad, afectando gravemente el bienestar y la integridad de la sociobiodiversidad, además de provocar múltiples impactos ambientales, sociales y culturales. La falta de gestión comunitaria para el turismo es hoy uno de los tantos desafíos que la comunidad debe enfrentar para el desarrollo local, por lo cual se hace necesario valorar a las comunidades tradicionales a través de una participación efectiva que genere un desarrollo socioeconómico endógeno, justo y sustentable.
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