Uso da terra e avaliação da naturalidade para o planejamento e manejo ambiental de bacias hidrográficas (Sudeste do Brasil)
Abstract
Ecosystems managed manifest vulnerability according to decline of ecological
resilience and depletion or loss of the main ecosystem service flows. Driving forces
acting in landscape result in changes, which require regional management actions and /
or local, in conjunction with other external factors. To operationalize these concepts in
landscape management, this study approached the dynamics of the intensity changes in
land use and conservation conditions of biodiversity scenarios, between 2004 and 2014,
for the Jacaré-Guaçu and Jacaré-Pepira watershed rivers. The same analyzes were
applied on floodplains formed at the Jacaré-Guaçu and Jacaré-Pepira headwaters in
2004, 2014 and 2015. Conditions of sustainability, involving environmental aspects
from the land use and cover dynamic and sustainability indicators were assessed in
these areas. Land use and cover dynamics maps were produced based on visual
interpretation of Landsat images. Biodiversity conservation scenarios were designed
based on Urbanity Index, which estimates the naturalness landscape conditions. The
results showed a predominantly anthropogenic scenario, induced by expansion of the
agricultural anthropogenic and non-agricultural anthropogenic land uses, and trough
conversion of other land use types in sugarcane and forestry. The historical process of
land use occupation for agricultural production remains the main driving force of
landscape changes, which currently occupies more than 70% of the watersheds area.
The Jacaré-Guaçu watershed river presented a critical scenery due to naturalness areas
losses and critical naturalness areas increase. The biodiversity conservation scenery
showed a reduction area and spatial displacement between 2004 and 2014, resulting
from loss and fragmentation of natural capital in the watersheds. Despite the increase in
natural vegetation areas, the watershed are far from a sustainable condition, according to
loss of carrying capacity and the ecosystem services provision. There was no changes
evidenced in land use and cover in floodplains, however, the localization of floodplains
showed high vulnerability due to agricultural and urban areas, which indicates evidence
of sustainability losses evidences.