O papel do exercício físico e da nutrição na perda de peso: uma revisão de literatura

Abstract

Obesity is a multifactorial condition associated with an increased risk of several noncommunicable chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Its management requires sustainable strategies involving changes in eating behavior and regular physical activity. Although both approaches are effective, the isolated and combined roles of exercise and nutrition in weight loss and weight maintenance are still under discussion. This study aimed to analyze, through a literature review, the role of physical exercise and nutrition in the weight loss process, highlighting the isolated and combined effects of these interventions. For this purpose, a bibliographic review was conducted in the PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar databases, covering the period from 2020 to 2025. Clinical trials conducted with overweight or obese adults focusing on non-pharmacological interventions were included, while narrative reviews and studies without dietary or exercise control were excluded. After applying the eligibility criteria, 38 studies were selected and organized into three categories: isolated physical exercise, nutritional interventions, and the combination of these interventions. Isolated physical exercise proved to be a tool with a modest effect on weight loss but effective in promoting metabolic adaptations, improving insulin sensitivity, and reducing inflammatory markers. Nutritional interventions showed more significant reductions in body fat and improvements in lipid profile, especially hypocaloric and Mediterranean diets (centered on plant-based foods, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and olive oil, with low consumption of meats and processed foods). Combined strategies that integrated balanced eating and structured exercise programs demonstrated a greater magnitude of fat loss, preservation of lean mass, and long-term weight maintenance. Therefore, the integration between adequate nutrition and regular physical exercise constitutes the most effective and sustainable strategy for obesity management, promoting not only weight reduction but also improvements in metabolic health and quality of life.