Evolução da matriz energética brasileira em comparação com outros países

Abstract

Energetic transitions are connected with economic, technological, political and social aspects. Thus, for example, the emission of pollutants from fossil sources causes a series of impacts on the environment and on people's lives; the geopolitical dominance in the supply of primary sources generates energy dependence and fluctuations in energy prices. To circumvent such bottlenecks, some countries in the world have adopted measures that make their energy balance more renewable and diversified. The present work analyzed whether Brazil follows that international trends. In this sense, a bibliographic review of the main concepts related to energy was built in order to provide subsidies for the analysis of the data. In its turn, data on energy generation, consumption and prices were extracted from websites, national and international reports. At the end of the research, it was concluded that Brazil has increased the share of renewable energy sources, especially wind and solar. Allied to this, the electricity generation costs of both have reduced from 2009 to the present, in 2020, and have become competitive with fossil sources such as natural gas and mineral coal. However, the national electricity balance is still very dependent on hydroelectric power, and needs major diversification to supply domestic energy demand. In addition, when comparing the price of national energy with that of the United States (USA), it can be seen that Brazilian costs are higher, more precisely, it is 13.40 against 6.67 cents USD/kWh for industrial electricity and 34.64 against 9.90 cents USD/kWh in transport. This is one of the factors that impacts the country's technological growth and causes a loss of competitiveness at the international level. Finally, due to the availability of natural resources from fossil fuels in the world, the transition to a cleaner matrix will have to be made actively. This transformation guarantees not only the security of energy supply, but also the technological and social advancement of national and global spheres.