Os indícios de pré-discursos na construção de narrativas sobre os grupos minoritários

Abstract

Studies in the human sciences have focused on the rapid and continuous dissemination of news, particularly in the digital environment. We have found that frequently, such discourses are presented through genres of journalistic discourse, providing them with legitimacy, in which various versions of facts circulate based on beliefs, knowledge, and ideological positions. Therefore, we decided to observe how speakers represent the minority groups selected on certain websites for this research: women, black people, the LGBTQIAP+ community, immigrants, and indigenous people. The corpus consisted of news published on websites presenting themselves as information portals, denounced by the Sleeping Giants movement as propagators of fake news and intolerant speeches, namely: Jornal da Cidade Online, Conexão Política, Brasil Sem Medo, Brasil Paralelo, and Estudos Nacionais. For the selection, we applied filters using search tools on these websites, based on terms referring to such groups. Initially, we discussed the idea of truth and post-truth, considering the researcher's position on truth, both their position and the observed corpus (ANGERMULLER, 2018). To describe the websites and the discursive genres published in the digital environment, we mobilize the theory of Digital Discourse Analysis (PAVEAU, 2021), considering the characteristics of web-native discourse. Enlargement characteristic allowed us to reflect on disseminating this news, especially through social media. Then we described and interpreted data, considering the theory of pre-discourses by Marie-Anne Paveau (2013) to analyze the meaning effects produced by the pre-discourses. The beliefs and knowledge contained in the pre-discourses brought elements of materiality that showed the position of these websites about minority groups. We verified that there is a building narrative about villains versus heroes through what we called traditional, incontestable, and contrastive pre-discourses. Through these pre-discourses, we observed the gradual building of this narrative in these websites, using stereotypes with typical attributes of each group (PAVEAU, 2013). Minority groups have been attributed the characteristics of villains due to their practices considered transgressive, criminal, and deceitful. Heroes, on the other hand, would be the locutors who stand against these villains, either by denouncing them or by defending their victims. This narrative develops through constant and repetitive attacks on minority groups, including social movements and, directly or indirectly, the left parties that support these groups. Minority groups are portrayed as responsible for their own misery and social problems, considered different, inferior, and, therefore, deserving of domination or extermination. We therefore highlight the conservative resistance to the rise of diversity to power, manifested in practices of erasure and building narratives, positioning minority groups as enemies of society.