A construção de uma metodologia de delimitação de áreas de influência em Estudo de Impacto de Vizinhança com o uso de técnicas de geoprocessamento

Abstract

he Neighborhood Impact Study (EIV), included in the City Statute (Law No. 10.257/2001), is an instrument aimed at identifying the positive and negative impacts of developments with the potential to cause disturbances in urban areas, as well as proposing mitigating measures. Nearly 20 years after the promulgation of Articles 36, 37, and 38, many issues related to this instrument remain unresolved. One of these issues is the delineation of the area of influence of such developments, which is hindered by the lack of a clear methodology and technical criteria that adequately address the physical, economic, and territorial characteristics of each locality. This challenge arises both from the absence of legislation that objectively defines how this delineation should be carried out and from the lack of criteria to guide these parameters. The latter is further complicated by the high cost of using geoprocessing tools for mapping, as these tools rely on data collected from flights conducted by small aircraft, significantly increasing the cost of acquiring images. Additionally, the detailed scale required to characterize these areas necessitates highly accurate cartographic elements that faithfully represent reality. In this context, the emergence of new technology embedded in Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA), such as cameras with high spatial resolution, has proven to be a low cost, high-quality, and highly productive alternative, accessible for the characterization and delineation of EIV influence areas. Thus, the primary objective of this study is to develop a methodology for delineating the areas of influence for EIVs using geoprocessing tools. The study focuses on a vertical development located in the municipality of Araraquara, in the state of São Paulo, which is subject to an EIV, as stipulated in Article 37 of Law No. 10.257/2001. The methodology is based on three stages: exploratory analysis, involving national and international research and bibliographic reviews; descriptive analysis, including the characterization of the study area, the review of existing municipal legislation, and aerial photogrammetric surveys of the area using RPAs; and analytical analysis, which seeks to discuss the relationships among the previous stages, in addition to constructing cartographic databases and developing a methodology for delineating influence areas for developments subject to an EIV. This methodology incorporates the aspects mentioned in Article 37 of the City Statute, addressing the area of influence of developments. As a result, a method was developed to delineate the influence area of the selected development, taking into account all legislative elements and resulting in a matrix of influence levels. This matrix evaluates the degree of impact, ranging from zero to seven, using geoprocessing tools. In conclusion, the proposed method is effective, applicable, and can be adopted by public authorities, private developers, and as a resource to promote the democratization of technical instruments outlined in the City Statute.