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Da incorporação do proletariado ao direito do trabalho: um estudo sobre o projeto positivista de organização das relações de trabalho no Brasil.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-05-28) Superti, Eliane; Villa, Marco Antonio
The present study had as an objective a greater understanding of the problems related to the Social Issue in Brazil. Among the other aspects of this theme, we focus the ideological and political process of elaboration of the positivist project of organization of the work relations, looking for to understand to which extent certain positivist ideals of this project had been incorporated and making up the historical construction of national labor law. Within the set of comtian positivist theory, the ideal of proletariat incorporation into the modern society occupies a core position intrinsically entailed to the political realization of the theory. According to Comte, become the working class integrated part of the capitalist society used to imply realizing the deep moral reform in the political and economic concepts proposed by positivism, reorganizing the society to the extent that turns harmonious the relations between the capital and work. In Brazil, the national positivists claim that the solution for the working issue had such a first challenge overcome the slavery. But the problem could not be solved simply with the abolition, it was necessary a project which integrated the former slavers into the society. Reforming the positivist theory by Augusto Comte from the national needs, the Brazilian positivists made up to the nation a reorganizing project of the working relations, which embraces a large proposal of social reform. Getting a spot in Rio Grande do Sul, such a theory was given an important political expression through Júlio de Castilhos and Borges de Medeiros period of governorship, reaching out the 1907 generation that took part in the revolution of 1930, and led by Getúlio Vargas assumed the pos-revolutionary government. The State configuration from 1930 revealed the assimilation of the positivist ideas of the proletariat incorporation, the social harmony, and the collaboration among the classes. The positivist project if constitutes, thus, in an important source of the ideological inspiration about the working right in Brazil.
Características da aprendizagem significativa em proposições expressas por escrito pelos alunos do ensino fundamental: um estudo de conceitos químicos proposto a partir de atividades experimentais.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-05-28) Bossolani, Keila; Hartwing, Dácio Rodney
In this study, it was attempted to develop some experimental activities with the objective of extracting and identifying chemical elements from commercial products of low cost and easy access. The developing finality of these practices would be to compound, later on, an instructional material. In the organization of this material content there would be experimental and nonexperimental activities, which, together, would form a group of didactical activities that would allow discussion about some chemical concepts and provide a significative learning. The experiments were developed first in domestic conditions, because the objective was to build practices, which could be applied in any teaching institution, even in school needy of physical and material basic structures. With the support of the Scientific and Cultural Promotion Center (CDCC), the experiments are now developed in this institution of teaching and research. Therefore, the group of experimental activities developed made possible the extraction of chemical elements: calcium, iron from medicines and food. The chemical concept chemical element and others related to it were approached and emphasized in the didactical material, because with the bibliographic research in didactical and paradidactical books, educational cd-roms and children s games, an absence of experimental activities involving such concepts was perceived. For the elaboration of the instructional material a teaching methodology was used in search of trying to insert the students in an active form in the process of teaching-learning, as well as their previous knowledge. This way, it was attempted to elaborate teaching situations in context which privilege the student s participation in the reconstruction of the knowledge. The activities distribution in the didactical material considered the necessary characteristics in a content organization which hopes to achieve a meaningful learning of concepts and the finalization of this material allowed its application along with the students of the Escola de Ensino Fundamental e Médio Educandário Santo Antônio from Bebedouro SP. The classes were taught by myself while teacher-researcher and with the effective cooperation of the Science teacher. For the data collection the express records written by the students and it was attempted to identify in these records the necessary characteristics to the occurrence of a meaningful learning. The analysis of the data expressed by the students revealed the presence of central themes, conceptual hierarchy which goes from the most general and inclusive concepts to the most specific and lower power of inclusioness, correctly articulated generalizations with examples and non-examples, emphasis on the macroscopic and submicroscopic levels of the knowledge, besides the principles of progressive distinguishment and integrative reconciliation. Furthermore, in most of the apprentice s elaborated propositions, the writings show that the sentences were constructions of their own abilities, which reveal evidence that the concept was comprehended. Besides, the propositions were categorized in relation to the macroscopic and submicroscopic levels of concepts and it was realized that the submicroscopic level prevails over the macroscopic one.
Combinação de múltiplos classificadores para identificação de materiais em imagens ruidosas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-05-28) Ponti Junior, Moacir Pereira; Mascarenhas, Nelson Delfino d'Ávila; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0557976975338451
Material identification in images has been explored in multiple areas and very interesting applications are arising in this field. This work uses noisy multispectral images from a computerized tomograph scanner acquired with multiple energies for soil sciences applications and developes a recognition system to identify materials on the scanned body. Techniques of statistical classification were used. The individual classifiers: Parzen, k-nearest neighbors, logistic and linear Bayesian were combined in order to study the behavior of classifier combination techniques. For this task, we used the fixed rules combiners: majority voting, maximum, minimum, median, sum and product. Also, a second stage of combination was considered and used, the majority voting of combiners. The performance of the classifiers was analyzed through the leave-one-out cross-validation error estimation method and the Kappa coefficient. The advantages of the use of multiple energies in the problems of identification of images and the behavior of each combination method are also demonstrated. The results pointed out that the combination of classifiers gives better capacity of generalization and more stable results than the individual classifiers, using information supplied for all individual classifiers, including the weakest one, being recommended in classification of scarce, difficult discrimination data, on the presence of ambiguity or high`noise levels.
Sobre o modelo neural RuleNet e suas características simbólica e cooperativa
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-05-28) Figueira, Lucas Baggio; Nicoletti, Maria do Carmo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6454154048263145
Machine learning is an area of Artificial Intelligence that deals with methods and techniques for implementing automatic learning in computational systems. This research work investigates a machine learning neural model called RuleNet and its extension for fuzzy domains named Fuzzy RuleNet. Among the advantages of the RuleNet proposal are its simplicity, easiness and fast training as well as the way it represents the induced concept, which can be characterized as symbolic. This aspect makes RuleNet suitable for participating in cooperative systems. This research work investigates both the contribution of the RuleNet model as a stand alone learning technique as well as part of a cooperative system. It presents and discusses the results obtained in several experiments, evaluating RuleNet as a stand alone machine learning (versus two other machine learning methods, the ID3 and the NGE) and as part of a cooperative system, articulated to ID3 and to NGE.
Algoritmo SSDM para a mineração de dados semanticamente similares
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-05-28) Escovar, Eduardo Luís Garcia; Biajiz, Mauro; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8331600770992494
The SSDM algorithm, created to allow semantically similar data mining, is presented in this work. Using fuzzy logic concepts, this algorithm analyzes the similarity grade between items, considering it if it is greater than a user-defined parameter. When this occurs, fuzzy associations between items are established, and are expressed in the association rules obtained. Therefore, besides associations discovered by conventional algorithms, SSDM also discovers semantic associations, showing them together with the other rules obtained. To do that, strategies are defined to discover these associations and calculate the support and the confidence of the rules where they appear.