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Práticas pedagógicas inclusivas para alunos surdos numa perspectiva colaborativa.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-12-17) Zanata, Eliana Marques; Mendes, Enicéia Gonçalves
The practice of inclusion in the school involves the education of children with special educational needs in regular classrooms with colleagues without special needs. However, regular education teachers are inclined to change practices as to arrangements, instructional procedures, activities, assessments and adequacy of the contents, so as the participation and learning of these students may be impaired. Even though the literature of inclusion presents many effective pedagogical strategies, they do not seem to reach the classrooms of deaf students. The present study is based on the problem of achieving better teachers qualification, attempting to enhance the pedagogical practices of regular education teachers as regards the needs of deaf students. The study comprised establishment and evaluation of a continued education program for regular education teachers so as to make it more autonomous and provide more effective adequate pedagogical practices to the needs of students. The study was conducted for 20 weeks and involved the researcher acting as a collaborator and three different teachers who had deaf students in their classrooms. The fist part involved a preliminary planning for analysis of the learning style of deaf students, and the aims and strategies that would be used with these students along the year. This was followed by collaborative intervention, on which the researcher videotaped a random class of each teacher. This tape was edited and presented in a meeting for the three teachers, for analysis and re-planning if required. Each class was re-planned and enhanced until all teachers agreed that the goal had been achieved. The collected data involved initial educational planning protocol and the protocol of each class with complete recording of the processes since the initial planning until evaluation of the last successful implementation. The teaching processes of 64 classes were videotaped, with a mean of 16 to 26 classes per teacher. The meetings also comprised discussion about texts on inclusive pedagogical practices. After intervention, the teachers opinions on the collaborative planning activity were gathered. The results showed many possibilities to establish a collaborative environment between regular education and special education teachers. The planned strategies were implemented in classrooms, and intervention provided an opportunity of training for the teachers. The teachers evaluated that the strategies implemented benefited not only the deaf students, but also the others. The collaboration potential between regular education and special education teachers is discussed as a strategy for formation and facilitation of inclusion of students with special educational needs. The results further demonstrated that, even though collaborative intervention has enhanced the quality of teaching, it does not seem to be enough to solve the communication problems between teacher and deaf student.
Papel dos receptores andrenérgicos da preóptica medial (APM) no controle da salivação induzida pela ativação colinérgica em ratos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-12-17) Almeida, Roberto Lopes de; Renzi, Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6551236936295697
The present work had as objective to investigate the participation of the mechanisms adrenergics of the medial preoptic area (APM) in the salivary secretion induced for the peripheral colinergic stimulation (pilocarpine injection). Holtzman rats had been used (280-320 g). A part of the animals suffered electrolytic lesion in the APM through the ticket from electric chain (1mA x 3x10s), to serve as control, and another part of the animals was submitted to the same procedures of cerebral surgery, except that it was not displayed to the electric chain ticket (SHAM). Animals that suffered the surgery from implant of cannulas guides in the APM for the injection of adrenergics agonists and antagonists were also used. The saliva was collected using previously weighted and inserted balls of cotton in the mouth of the animal that was under anesthesia with quetamina (1mg/mL/kg). Salivation was induced for intraperitoneal injection (IP) of pilocarpine (1mg/mL/kg). The APM lesion in such a way reduced peripheral the pilocarpine-induced salivation group that suffered APM lesion 24 hours before the experiment (APM lesion 340,7 ± 41,1 mg/7min, versus SHAM 428,4 ± 31,6 mg/7min) as much as in the group that suffered APM lesion 5 days before the experiment (APM lesion 310,2 ± 35,4 mg/7min, versus SHAM 494,9 ± 35,5 mg/7min). Reduction in the peripheral pilocarpine-induced salivation was not verified in those animals that had suffered APM lesion 15 days before the experiment (APM lesion 461,6 ± 81,4 mg/7min, versus SHAM 575,7 ± 34,9 mg/7min). The injection of noradrenaline (80 nmol/0,5µL) in the APM did not reduce the peripheral pilocarpine-induced salivation (NOR + Pilo 356,0 ± 36,0 mg/7min versus Saline + Pilo 475,0 ± 73,0 mg/7min). This same drug in the dose of 160 nmol/0,5 µL reduced the peripheral pilocarpine-induced salivation (NOR + Pilo 251,0 ± 50,0 mg/7min versus Saline + Pilo 468,0 ± 59,0 mg/7min). The inhibitory effect of the injection in the APM of noradrenaline (160 nmol/0,5µL) in the peripheral pilocarpine-induced salivation was not reduced by the previous injection of the antagonist of adrenoceptors α2, RX-821002 in the dose of 80 nmol/0,5µL (RX + NOR + Pilo 244,1 ± 29,2 mg/7 min, versus Saline + NOR + Pilo 202,3 ± 34,8 mg/7 min). On the other hand, this same drug injected in the dose of 160 nmol/0,5µL, partially reverted the inhibitory effect of the injection in the APM of noradrenalina (160 nmol/0,5µL) in the peripheral pilocarpine-induced salivation (RX + NOR + Pilo 329,9 ± 77,8 mg/7min, versus Saline + NOR + Pilo 148,2 ± 30,3 mg/7min). The RX- 821002 injected in the APM in the dose of 320 nmol/0,5µL, failed in showing the reversion of the inhibitory effect of the injection in the APM of noradrenaline (160nmol/0,5µL) in the peripheral pilocarpine-induced salivation (RX + NOR + 261,3 ± 18,9 mg/7min, versus Saline + NOR + Pilo 320,4 ± 30,2 mg/7min). The antagonist of adrenergics receptors α1, Prazosin, did not reveal efficient, therefore the inhibitory effect of the injection in the APM of noradrenaline (160 nmol/0,5µL) in the peripheral pilocarpine-induced salivation was not reduced by the previous injection of the adrenergic antagonist α1, Prazosin, in the dose of 160 nmol/0,5µL (Prazosin + NOR + Pilo 223,6 ± 35,8 mg/7min, versus Saline + NOR + Pilo 256,0 ± 58,5 mg/7min). The results show that the noradrenaline injected in the APM reduces the peripheral pilocarpine-induced salivation and this effect is reduced by the previous blockade of the receiving adrenergics α2 of the same area, suggesting to the existence of an adrenergic α2 inhibitory mechanism of the salivation in the APM.
Desenvolvimento de procedimentos analíticos limpos para a determinação de cloreto e demanda química de oxigênio em águas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-12-17) Silva, Claudineia Rodrigues da; Fatibello Filho, Orlando; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9859737944357808
The work here described deals with the development of clean analytical methods for determination of chloride and chemical oxygen demand in water samples. A flow injection spectrophotometric method was developed for determining chloride in water samples based on a solid phase reactor (SPR) containing Hg(SCN)2. The solid reagent was immobilized in epoxy resin. The solid phase reactor was regenerated using an intermittent flow of a solution containing 0.12% m v-1 Hg(SCN)2 and this strategy was needed for baseline stabilization. The analyte chloride displaces thiocyanate from the SPR and this latter reacts with Fe(III) forming a red complex measured at 480 nm. The lifetime of the reactor was estimated in 1000 injections, and both the reagent consumption and the waste generation were appreciably reduced. The obtained results were in agreement with a standard method at a 95% confidence level. The relative standard deviation was 2.25% for 10 successive injections of a 8.0 mg L-1 Cl- solution, and the analytical frequency was 100 determinations h-1. Two metallic electrodes, copper and nickel, were built for determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The copper electrode was used in voltammetric measurements in the 0.25 to 0.70 V potential range (vs. Ag/AgCl). The analytical curves were obtained using reference solutions containing from 477 to 2800 mg L-1 glucose.The detection limit was estimated in 152 mg L-1 and the relative standard deviation was < 0.5% (n = 4) for a sample containing 2800 mg L-1 glucose. Voltammetric measurements for COD determination using the Ni electrode were made in the potential range of 0.25 to 0.50 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The analytical curve was obtained using solutions containing from 48 to 469 mg L-1 of COD. The detection limit was estimated in 7.7 mg L-1 and the relative standard deviation was <2.0% (n = 3) for a sample containing 469 mg L-1 glucose. The voltammetric methods employing Cu/CuO e Ni/NiO electrodes were applied for COD determination in residual waters of food industry and the obtained results were compared with those obtained using a standard method. The conventional methods are usually based on toxic reagents and the time of analysis is around 4 h. The residual solution is either stored or its discard is expensive. The main advantage of the proposed voltammetric methods is that no toxic reagent is used and the time of analysis is shorter, i.e. around 30 min.
Preparação e caracterização de compósitos de polianilina (DMcT Cu(II)) / fibra de carbono como catodos em baterias secundárias
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-12-17) Canobre, Sheila Cristina; Biaggio, Sonia Regina; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0418215244233120
The composites were obtained by cyclic voltammetry and the incorporation of Cu(II) to the Pani(DMcT) / C fiber composite was carried out by two methods: A) Cu(II) added to the polymerization electrolyte along with the aniline, and B) Cu(II) and DMcT adsorbed onto the carbon fiber for 12 h, in a step previous to the electropolymerization. The comparison of complex-plane diagrams obtained at 0.2 V for the composites prepared by method B and for the pure poli(DMcT) film showed that the values of the charge transfer resistance are significantly smaller for the composites; on the other hand, at 0.2 V the composites presented greater pseudocapacitance values than the pure poli(DMcT) film due to their porous and homogeneous morphology. The experimental discharge capacity for this composite in 1 M LiClO4 in propylene carbonate was 110 mA h g-1, with a coulombic efficiency of 100%, and 165 mA h g-1 in a jellified polymeric electrolyte (κ = 1,8.10-3 S cm-1), with a coulombic efficiency of 100% after 20 charge/discharge cycles, indicating that both materials (Pani and poli(DMcT)) remained active during the charge and discharge processes. The good stability and reversibility characteristics of the redox reactions of this composite are due to the presence of Cu(II) and the sulfur of the thiol group, which were detected by XPS. The discharge capacities of the bilayer Ppy- PSS- / Pani / C fiber and Pani / Ppy-PSS- / C fiber electrodes, obtained after 20 cycles in the charge and discharge tests, were approximately 225 mA h g-1, with a coulombic efficiency of 100%, and 60 mA h g-1, with a coulombic efficiency of 29%, respectively. Once the cathode (obtained by method B) and anode (Ppy-PSS- / Pani / C fiber) materials were chosen, along with the polymeric electrolyte analyzed, the main objective of this thesis project became feasible: realization of charge and discharge tests of a battery made only of polymeric materials (cathode, anode and electrolyte). The cell potential of this battery was only 0.68 V, which lead to the low value of the energy density of 148 W h g-1. However, the battery presented a high initial value of the discharge capacity, 129 mA h g-1, after 3 cycles, with a coulombic efficiency of about 100%.
Análise comparativa dos resultados de diferentes métodos de cálculo da tarifa do transporte público urbano por ônibus: um estudo de caso para a cidade de Gioânia
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-12-17) Moura, Alexandre Vieira; Raia Junior, Archimedes Azevedo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6413793013018019
The demand for transit in the Brazilian s cities has declined considerably in the last years, not only due to the low level of service but also due to high fares, that makes the ability of the low income users to afford their trips very difficult. The high fares can be attributed to the rise of some items (fuel, tributes, administrative expenses) and the lack of structure (human, material, tolls) to manage the fares. The methodology currently used to estimate the fare values in the most Brazilian cities is obsolete, demanding new calculation methods, that incorporates the new operation techniques and news legislations, which have impact on the final price of bus-ticket. Considering this new management scenario, this dissertation intends to compare the performance of 4 different methodologies to calculate transit fares (GEIPOT, GOIÂNIA, AGR e DETESC) and to confront the results with the actual values adopted by the city transit managers. This study of case it will have as base the used values of fuel, lubricant, wages and etc for the calculation of the tariff of Goiânia.