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Avaliação de estratégias para desenvolver habilidades comunicativas verbais em indivíduos com autismo de alto funcionamento e síndrome de Asperger.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-12-21) Herrera, Simone Aparecida Lopes; Almeida, Maria Amélia
The high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome are pervasive developmental disorders, that among other simptoms, present in higher or lower level alteration in communicative and social abilities. This study was developed according the verbal communicative abilities of autism and Asperger syndrome described by Lopes (2000), and is divided in two parts with the following objectives: (a) for part 1 the objective was to realize a survey of strategies, activities and communicative contexts that could support the use of a higher number of verbal communicative abilities and, consequently, a major mean length utterance, talk complexity or major use of narrative discursive abilities expressed by individuals with high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome in their verbal interactions with the adult interlocutor; (b) For part 2 of the study, the objective was the application of strategies surveyed in part 1 of the study in its original or adapted format with three 12 year old male (one diagnosed as having Asperger syndrome and the other 2 diagnosed as high-functioning autism) in order to increase their mean length utterance, by using the verbal communicative abilities as well as to verify if the increase of the mean length utterance would benefit the use of narrative discursive abilities. The data was collected from Lopes (2000), Master Thesis, during individuals interaction sessions with the researcher. By that time, the participants were 8 years old. Five sessions tapes of each participant were evaluated, with a total of 450 minutes. The results of part 1 of the study demonstrated that there is a communicative reciprocity between the adult and the participants and that their communicative profile are similar, since the values of the mean length utterance (MLU) and talk complexity (TC) demonstrated by the adults were higher, but it was possible to note that the variation continues the same for example - when the adult scored a higher MLU with one of the participants, it was exactly that participant that scored a higher MLU in relation to the others. According to these fidings, the part 1 of the study enabled to survey the activities, strategies, facilitating contextualized situations and, consequently, to organize an intervention program (with structured sessions) that was applied and evaluated in part 2 of the study. In this second part of the study, all verbal interaction structured sessions with each participant and researcher were videotaped. In order to verify the effects of the application of the strategies, a single subject research design across subject was used, and envolved two phases: baseline and intervention. During baseline, spontaneous situations ocurred between the adult and each participant. The participants were not submited to any kind of intervention. After the baseline stability, the first phase of the intervention was initiated (sessions were twice a week). The second phase (sessions once a week) was initiated only when the participant reached performance 100% higher in mean length utterance than the one reached in basleline. The number of sessions were gradually decreased for each participant in order to assure their performance. However, the number of sessions varied from one participant to another. The applied strategies were divided in blocks: spontaneous conversation, specific language dificulties, games with rules, estory report and metalinguistic activities. The results of part 2 of the study demonstrated that the aplication of the proposed strategies with the three participants reached the objective to increase their mean length utterance. In consequence, participant s use of narrative discursive abilities were also increased. Suggestion for further research are made in terms of maintenance of the obtained results with individuals with Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism in other environments and in interaction with other interlocutors.
Ensinando categorias estruturais de história a crianças com dificuldades de aprendizagem.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-12-21) Maranhe, Elisandra André; Rose, Julio Cesar Coelho de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3386857761295187
The development of children s ability of written narrative of stories can be related to previous experiences with oral models, as when adults read or tell stories in schools or in the family context. Teaching abilities of oral narrative of stories can be a way of inducing changes in the oral and written language of children with normal learning as well as those with learning difficulties. This may be specially important for the latter children because they often show little academic improvement in the classroom. The present study applied two programs to two groups of children with learning difficulties. The first program, applied only for Group 1, had the purpose of providing participants with experience of retelling stories, previously to the second program. Both groups were exposed to the second program, which attempted to teach participants to identify structural categories of stories (setting, theme, plot, and resolution) in oral narratives. The effects of both programs were evaluated on 1) retelling stories (free retelling and driven retelling), taken as measures of story comprehension, and 2) oral production of original narratives. In the tasks focusing narrative ability (oral production and free retelling) the structure of the narrative was analyzed, with regard to the presence of the structural categories of stories. The task of driven retelling consisted of answers to questions and these were analyzed regarding the ability of participants to recover information form the text and make inferences. Although both groups showed improvement in the ability to identify categories, in the tasks of oral production and free retelling, results of Group 1 were superior. Both groups showed only slight improvement in driven retelling. The previous textual experience provided by the first program seems to be a relevant developmental factor explaining the superior performance of Group 1 in the second program.
Estudos citogenéticos em algumas espécies de peixes da família loricariidae pertencentes à Bacia do Rio Piracicaba
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004-12-21) Camilo, Fábio Mendes; Moreira Filho, Orlando; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3927076022470557
Willing to develop the number cytogenetically reports on fish species belonged to the Loricariidae family, the actual work had as the basic aim to feature chromosomically three specimen of fishes from the basin of the Piracicaba river: Hypostomus albopunctatus; Liposarcus anisitsi and Corumbataia cuestae. The specimen H. albopunctatus and L. anisitsi which were previously feature cytogenetically in other basins and these cytogenetically data are correlated to the data obtained on this work, concerning to the species C. cuestae, the cytogenetically data obtained puts together the first feature of chromosome framing of a specie belonging to this king. The samples were exposed to conventional and differential cytogenetically methodologies, involving bandings-C, Ag- RON e FISH (hybridization fluorescent in situ) with probe 18S. The specimen H. albopunctatus and L. anisitsi were collected in Piracicaba river (Piracicaba country, SP), the H. albopunctatus, showed 2n=74 chromosomes (10M, 20SM, 44ST/A) the parts organized of nucleolus were seen as diversified, with until 3 chromosome marked by Silver Nitrate, featuring on this specie multiple RONs, being acrocentric chromosome with terminal bandings on short arms and of small submetacentric pair with telomeric bandings on short arms, coinciding to the results obtained by de FISH technique. The preparations to marking C, made it clear large heterochromatin interstitial arm of a acrocentric chromosomal pair, on short arm of a submetacentric pair pericentromeric marking of a long arm of a large metacentric pair beyond short markings in centromeric parts of chromosomal submetacentric. The samples of L. anisitsi showed 2n=52 chromosome (16M, 28SM, 6ST, 2A), after Silver Nitrate staining, the markings were placed on terminal position of a long arm by a submetacentric chromosomal pair, featuring a single RON, confirmed by FISH. The cytogenetical result obtained with two specimen on the actual work when compared to the same specimen already described belonged to other basins they show a considered conservation state. Differences were found, however, we might suggest that these specimen seem to be cytogenetically very preserved when we compare the cytogetical results already obtained to the species H. albopunctatus and L. anisitsi available in literature. The specie Corumbataia cuestae, colleted at Lapa river (Itirapina county-SP), showed 2n=54 chromosomes (28M; 20SM; 6ST/A) just to Nucleolus Organized Regions were observed, placed on the terminal part of short arm from number 2 pair featured as metacentric, and they were seen as heteromorphic thought the size, sequential analysis of metaphases in Giemsa/Silver and Giemsa/banding-C, discovered that the secondary constrictions correspond to RONs. The constitutive heterochromatin pattern is observed clearly nucleolus chromosomal pair, with large pericentromeric heterochromatic blocks. The results obtained to offer new subsidy for studies evolution of Loricariídae, to open perspective for best understanding of correlations between species of Hypostominae and Hypoptopomatinae.