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Reciclagem química de PET proveniente de filtros industriais pós-consumo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006-03-10) Schwantes, Denise; Zanin, Maria; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9685965969782429; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5557023803320494
The PET filter bag is used in the separation of the particulates materials of the gas produced in the aluminum industry. It had been submitted a chemical recycling. Almost industries make the disposal of these materials in industrial earthwork or still they take the centers that make the energy recycling. The filter bag restrained particulate is constituted by alumina with adsorbide fluoride and an amount of carbon proceeding from the electrolytic decomposition of anode pots. The adhesion of particles in the interior becomes the filters of difficult recycling mechanics, because the incrusted materials are not removed by the laundering. So, the filters of this work had been recycled chemically through glycolysis with ethylenoglycol. For the reactions under ambient pressure it was observed that it has the necessity to use catalyst to speed up the reaction. The catalyst used was the sodium bicarbonate. The best condition found for reactions the ambient pressure form: temperature of 190°C, 1% of catalyst and 20 hours of reaction. With these conditions the glicolysis convrtion was almost 94%. It was not possible to determine the order of ration for this system. The reactions carried through with a closed reactor had allowed increasing the temperature of the system. So, the temperature is the variable most important, reaching bigger conversions in a lesser time that the gotten time the ambient pressure. The best joined conditions had been 1% of catalyst, 190°C and 10 hours of reaction and also 0.5% of catalyst, 230°C and 5 hours of reaction. For these conditions, the reaction rate was little bigger than 99%.
Impacto das propriedades físicas dos objetos nos movimentos de alcance em lactentes saudáveis de 4 a 6 meses de idade
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006-03-10) Rocha, Nelci Adriana Cicuto Ferreira; Tudella, Eloisa; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3207258034860219
Many studies have shown that object properties can lead to adjustments in reaching, but few have investigated the specific influence of object size and rigidity on reaching movements in young infants, especially by using kinematic analysis. Objective: Investigate the effect of object size and rigidity in the qualitative and quantitative variables of reaching in 4-to-6- month-old infants, and verify how such variables change over age. Methods: Nine healthy infants were placed in a baby chair reclined at 50º from the horizontal The infants were shown four objects of different size and rigidity large rigid (RG), small rigid (RP), large soft (MG), and small soft (MP) for a period of 1 minute each. Reaching movements were recorded by three digital cameras and the images were analyzed by using the 3D movement reconstruction. A total of 378 reaches were analyzed in relation to the following variables: qualitative proximal and distal adjustments, hand preference, and grasping of objects ; and quantitative straightness index, mean velocity, movement units, and adjustment time index. Results: There were many different changes in reaching over age. The answers to stimulation and the grasping of objects increased. Proximal adjustments were shown to be variable. Hand preference changed from the left to the right. The hand was predominantly half-opened in both the beginning and the end of the reaches; however, hand opening angle increased in the end of the reaches from the fifth to the sixth month. In all the ages, hand orientation was predominantly oblique when touching the object, and vertical when grasping it. As regards the quantitative variables, the straightness index and the mean velocity increased, and the movement units decreased. No significant changes were observed in the adjustment time index. Infants performed bimanual movements for the large rigid object, and unimanual movements for the small ones. The adjustments were similar in relation to the large soft object. Right-hand preference was higher for the small objects. In the beginning of the reaches, the hand was predominantly half-opened for all the objects; while in the end of the reaches, the hand was predominantly opened for the object large rigid. Hand orientation was predominantly oblique when touching the object, and vertical when grasping it, especially for the object large rigid. The soft objects were more frequently grasped than the rigid ones. The straightness index was higher for the large soft object, while the adjustment time index and the number of movement units were lower for this same object. The number of movement units increased for the small objects. No significant changes were verified in the mean velocity. Conclusion: It is possible to suggest that reaching movements are improved over age, thus indicating an increase in the infants performance during the studied period of life. Once the infants perceive the object properties, they adjust the essential variables of their movements by using their available motor abilities, thus suggesting the existence of a complex perceptionaction coupling.
Proposta de um método para a definição de rotas cicláveis em áreas urbanas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006-03-10) Kirner, Janice; Sanches, Suely da Penha; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3857424839674606
Urban problems caused by transportation planning that prioritizes the use of the automobile indicate the inclusion of the bicycle as a viable alternative of urban transport in Brazilian cities. However, it is verified the lack of guidelines that can lead to policies that encourage bicycle transportation, amongst which stands out the insertion or improvement in the infrastructure for cycling. The objective of this study is to propose a method for the definition of cycling routes in urban areas which would have satisfactory results in encouraging bicycle transportation, focusing on the aspects of demand and bicycle level of service in shared roads in urban areas. The proposed method includes the following steps: (1) identification of the potential facility for bicycle trip generation; (2) data collection on the trip behavior of the facility users; (3) identification of the road segments with greater potential demand for bicycle trips; (4) level of service evaluation of the selected road segments; and (5) selection of road segments with greater need of improvement to define cycling routes. A study case was carried out in the city of São Carlos, where the proposed methodology was applied in two utilitarian bicycle trip generation facilities. The necessary data for the study was obtained through 106 interviews, which included a questionnaire and a stated preference survey. The data obtained in the stated preference survey revealed that the pavement condition was the most important attribute in the group s opinion, in comparison to motorized vehicles speed and travel time. The identification and the study of the road segments with greater potential demand for bicycle trips included the demarcation of the influence area of the trip generation facility, the definition of the desire lines and the inventory of the itineraries covered by the interviewed group. These steps were developed with the use of TransCAD. The evaluation of the level of service of the selected segments resulted in measures of level of service with the same value for all of the roads, which did not allow us to prioritize the segments with greater need of improvement to define cycling routes. However, since the values attributed to the road segments were considered unacceptable for bicycle transportation, a series of improvements were suggested to reduce their deficiencies.
Alinhamento entre a estratégia de operações e a gestão estratégica da logística: estudos de caso no setor automotivo brasileiro
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006-03-10) Maia, Jonas Lucio; Alves Filho, Alceu Gomes; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7885557554922569; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0078457646573985
The worldwide (and thus Brazilian) automotive industry has undergone a process of important changes. Specifically in Brazil, the set up of new automakers, the consolidation and denationalization of the autoparts, and phenomena like the lowdisplacement engines have brought major strategic implications to those companies, as well as to the supply chains to which they belong. Considering such implications, it is plausible to accept that several organizational elements were strongly impacted, including Operations Strategy and the Strategic Logistics Management focuses of this research. In this sense, the work here presented aims at shedding light on the alignment between Operations Strategy (OS) and Strategic Logistics Management (SLM), by means of case studies carried out at four companies from the Brazilian automotive engine sector (two car engine manufacturers and two of their suppliers). The main findings indicate that operations and logistics are effectively aligned in the cases studied, but such alignment is influenced by aspects regarding the supply chains to which these companies belong, as well as by aspects internal to such companies. As a consequence of the differences occurring in the chains, although the companies adopt similar competitive priorities, they are implemented by different decisions. Regarding operations, the chains seem to influence the decisions and viceversa, whereas regarding logistics the chains create a framework in which logistics may play its role in the company strategy. Organizational structure and the role that operations play in competitive strategy were the internal aspects here analyzed. The first seems to make the alignment easier, once that in most cases both operations and logistics were managed by the same director. The role played by operations also suggested alignment, once that operations decisions either aimed at implementing the strategy, or originated such strategy from its competencies.
Violência intrafamiliar e envolvimento em "bullying"no ensino fundamental
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006-03-10) Pinheiro, Fernanda Martins França; Williams, Lúcia Cavalcanti de Albuquerque; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6962646759651464
Many studies have shown that children exposed to domestic violence are at risk of presenting behavior problems and other adjustment problems at school. Nevertheless, few studies have assessed the relationship between different types of family violence and bullying. The primary purpose of the present investigation was to: a) examine the relationship between bullying and different types of direct and indirect family violence in Brazil; b) check the chronicity of family violence among student subgroups implied in bullying; c) establish if there are gender differences concerning these associations. The research was conducted with 239 grades 5-8 students, of which 34.7% were boys and 65.3% girls. A questionnaire was constructed based on other instruments, containing: 12 questions involving socio-demographic variables; 16 items of the Revised Conflict Tactic Scale (CTS-2), with the goal of examining the youngster s exposure to interparental physical and psychological violence; and 32 items of the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales (CTSPC), concerning physical and psychological abuse committed by parents against children. Bullying and victimization were measured by 26 items developed specially for the study s purpose, based on a modified version of Olweus questionnaire. It was found that, in the previous three months before the study, 49% of all students were implied in bullying: 2,9% as bullies, 25,5% as victims and 20,5% as bully/victims. It was found that boys were more implied as bully/victims than girls. More than 50% of the participants had witnessed at least one episode of interparental psychological aggression, and 12% of all students reported seeing physical violence between parents, with fathers and mothers showing an equal ratio of violence. In regards to child abuse, psychological violence was the most frequent modality, with 85% of participants reporting that they had been victimized that way by mothers and 62%, by fathers. The rates of physical assault were also alarming: about 70% of all students reported that they had suffered corporal punishment by parents, which is worrisome. Associations were found between bullying and domestic violence, but these associations were different according to gender. Being exposed to domestic violence was associated with being a bully/victim in school (especially for girls), but not with being a victim of bullying. On the other hand, parental violence increased the probability of boys reporting being implied in bullying as victims or as bully/victims. In terms of the girls, suffering parental violence was only associated as being a bully/victim. In this study, being an aggressive-victim meant having more chance of suffering domestic violence, and such violence was more severe than the one reported by students not implied in bullying or victims of bullying only. Due to the small amount of participants classified as bullies, it was not possible to do statistical tests, which was a limitation of the study.
Envolvimento dos receptores AT1 e do óxido nítrico na ingestão de NaCl 0,5 M e nas respostas dipsogênicas, renais e pressoras produzidas pela angiotensina II injetada na área septal lateral
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006-03-10) Garcia, Gustavo; Saad, Wilson Abrão; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9958857110669105
In this study, we investigated the participation of the AT1 receptors and of the nitric oxide (NO) into lateral septal area (LSA), on the water intake, 0,5 M NaCl intake, natriuresis, diuresis and pressor response induced by injection of angiotensin II (ANG II) in the same area. Male Holtzman rats were used weighing between 280 and 320 g, with cannulae of stainless steel implanted stereotactically into the LSA. The ANG II (25 ng/0,5 µl) injected into LSA, induced water and sodium intake and increased the urinary volume, sodium urinary excretion and arterial pressure when compared with the control group, that received 0,15 M NaCl. The pretreatment with losartan (antagonist of the AT1 angiotensin receptors) into LSA abolished the water intake, the sodium intake and the pressor effect induced by ANG II. The losartan also reduced the increase of urinary volume and of the sodium excretion induced by ANG II. The previous treatment with 7-nitroindazole (inhibit of the nitric oxide synthase enzyme) abolished the water intake and the increase of urinary volume, decreased the sodium intake and the natriuretic effect and no changed the pressor effect induced by ANG II. The results show the involvement of the AT1 angiotensinergic receptors and of the nitric oxide into LSA in the control of the cardiovascular and hydroelectrolytic balance, beyond a possible interaction between nitrergic and angiotensinergic mechanisms of the LSA in this control.
Respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas do jeju Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Characiformes, Erythrinidae) a exposição aérea
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006-03-10) Mariano, Wagner dos Santos; Fernandes, Marisa Narciso; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3021357484136942
The physiological and biochemical responses to air exposure were analyzed in jeju, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus at 1(T1), 6 (T6) and 12 (T12) hours of exposure and 1 (TR1) e 6 (TR6) hours after returning to water environment. Plasma cortisol and glucose were significantly higher than those of control group (T0) after 1 and 6 hours and 1, 6 and 12 hours of air exposure, respectively. Acid-base and ionic unbalances during air exposure were evidenced by plasma pH and Na+ and K+ concentration following pH recovery as fish returned to water environment. Ammonia accumulation was found in all experimental groups increasing continuously during air exposure (from 102.20 nmol/mL in T0 to 339.53 nmol/mL in T12). During the recovery period in water there was a reduction in plasma ammonia concentration but it was significantly higher than the controls. Plasma lactate showed a slightly increase during air exposure and was significantly higher than the controls only 1 hour after recovery in water (from 4115.42 nmol/mL in T0 to 6423.84 nmol/mL in TR1) while piruvate increased after 6 hour in water (from 171.87 nmol/mL in T0 para 243.96 nmol/mL in TR6). Hematocrit, red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased significantly during air exposure. On the first hour of air exposure the lipid hydroperoxide (HP) increased. There was a reduction of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and an increase of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) during air exposure. Air exposure can be characterized as an stressor agent to H. unitaeniatus and imply in physiological adjustments to keep the O2 transfer from air to tissue and homeostasis as well as energy mobilization.