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Irmãos de crianças autistas: problemas de comportamento, competência social e relacionamentos intra e extra familiares
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006-04-28) Dimov, Tatiana; Matsukura, Thelma Simões
Considering the effects that living with autistic children can have on a family, most authors have investigated the familiar adjustment through a focus in the mothers. Relatively few studies have evaluated the adjustment siblings of the autistic child. And these studies, however, have reported conflicting results. While some authors report that those siblings are well adjusted other studies find that having an autistic sibling can have negative effects on a child. The contrast is attributed to methodological problems and the need for further investigation. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate behavioral problems and social competence in siblings of children with autism and to evaluate their perception of familiar and social relationships. Eight brothers were selected to participate in the study. Four having an autistic sybling, and four having a normal sybling. Instruments included two questionnaires witch evaluated social competence and behavioral problems (CBCL and YSR) and a semi-structured interview. Results indicated that siblings of children with autism present more behavioral problems and scores of social competence lower than those presented by control group; this tendency is stronger in the younger siblings. The siblings reported higher levels of responsibility when compared to the control group and have difficulties for dealing with the brother s disease.
Retorno ao trabalho após o nascimento de um filho: percepções de professoras sobre sua experiência.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006-04-28) Gravena, Ana Carolina; Barham, Elizabeth Joan; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9868595523538592
The participation of women in the paid workforce has increased significantly in recent decades, allowing women to make an important contribution to the family income. Apart from their professional activities, many women are also responsible for the greater part of household labor and childcare activities. Reconciling these responsibilities can be difficult, due to the sheer number of activities to be accomplished, especially during periods when professional and family demands are intense. As such, returning to work following a maternity leave may be an especially difficult time, when the high volume of care for the baby is added to work routines. In addition, legislation that secures the right to a maternity leave does not guarantee adequate workplace support for mothers of infants and very young children. As such, mothers who return to work when their children are very young may experience difficulties to maintain a satisfactory involvement with their child, as well as maintaining their job performance. The extent to which the mother-child relationship is undermined is of great importance, given that poor maternal involvement is a risk factor for the development of later problems in early childhood, as this may have a negative effect on the emotional bonds between mother and child and reduce the frequency of stimulating interactions. This study identified sources of support and strategies used by teachers to reconcile childcare and paid work; the reactions and difficulties experienced by these mothers; their wellbeing; and the activities undertaken by them and by their husbands, in caring for their infants. Individual interviews were conducted, using questions with openended and fixed-format responses, including a series of scales to measure workplace factors and personal well-being, with 40 teachers who had children under two years of age. The results indicate that few strategies were used by the employers to support these women; their principal sources of support, although unsatisfactory, were their husbands and other close family members. In general, the study participants felt over burdened, with little time for themselves or to be with their children. Thus, one can see the importance of changes in the work environment and of a more equal division of household labor between the marital partners, representing initiatives that could generate positive changes in the women s professional and family experiences. Becoming a mother is treated as a private event that should not create an onus for the employer. However, the experiences of these women show the importance of having employers assume a more supportive posture, to guarantee the effective performance of their employees as well as their greater wellbeing during a period that is so critical in the life of these mothers, their children and the students they teach.
Efeitos do inseticida organofosforado metil paration (Folisuper 600 BR) sobre biomarcadores do estresse oxidante no teleósteo de água doce matrinxã Brycon cephalus (GUNTER, 1869)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006-04-28) Monteiro, Diana Amaral; Kalinin, Ana Lúcia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5493936744279888
Methyl parathion (MP) is an organophosphorus insecticide worldwide used in agriculture and aquaculture due to its high activity against a broad spectrum of insect pests. It is employed as pesticide in agriculture and in food storage shelters, as well as in fish culture tanks to kill aquatic larval stages of insects. The effect of exposure to 2 ppm of a commercial formulation of MP (Folisuper 600 BR, methyl paration 600 g.L-1) on catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) of the liver, white muscle, gills, erythrocytes and plasma of the freshwater fish matrinxã, Brycon cephalus, was evaluated after 96 h of treatment. MP exposure resulted in a significant induction of SOD and CAT activity in all tissues, except in plasma, when compared with controls. However, the GPx activity decreased significantly in the white muscle and gills, whereas no alterations were observed in hepatic, plasma and erythrocyte GPx activity. MP also induced a significant increase in GST activity in all tissues and a concurrent decrease in blood and tissue GSH levels. In addition, LPO values in the white muscle, gills and plasma increased significantly after MP exposure whereas hepatic and erythrocyte LPO levels did not show any significant alteration. The current data suggest that MP has oxidative-stress-inducing potential in B. cephalus, and that the gills and white muscle are the most sensitive organs with poor antioxidant potentials. The parameters studied in this investigation can also be used as biomarkers of exposure to MP. The antioxidant effect of selenium (Se) in reducing the MP-induced oxidative stress in this experimental model was evaluated in fish fed during 60 days, before exposure to 2 ppm of MP, with diets containing 1.5 mg Se.Kg-1 ration (group MP 1,5Se) or Se-free ration (group MP 0Se). Group MP 0Se exhibited, in all tissues, the same response presented by fish of the first experimental protocol, fed with commercial ration (group MP 0,22Se). Selenium supplementation reversed this trend. Significant increases in LPO levels and concurrent decreases in GPx activity in gills and white muscle were not observed in group MP 1,5Se. Similarly, decreases in GSH levels were not observed in any tissue of this experimental group. In addition, erythrocyte and plasma GPx activity also increased significantly in group MP 1,5Se, with a concomitant reduction and/or maintenance of LPO levels. These results suggest that dietary Se supplementation may protect cells against MP-induced oxidative stress, preventing increases in LPO levels and decreases in GSH content and GPx activity in B. cephalus tissues. According to these data Se supplementation is important to counteract the oxidative damage induced by MP in B. cephalus.
Padrões de diversidade e organização temporal de Chironomidae (Diptera) em um córego tropical
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006-04-28) Barros, Tadeu de Siqueira; Strixino, Susana Trivinho; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1804083229761186; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3312992120803629
In this study we investigated the temporal dynamics of a chironomid assemblage in a forested stream located in southeastern Brazil. First, we analyzed some diversity patterns of this assemblage by describing two macroecological relationships (body size-species richness and body size-abundance) and by testing with they vary in an intra-annual scale. Second, we analyzed the emergence phenology using a time series of 48 weekly samples. In general, both species richness and abundance peaked on intermediate body sizes, moreover these relationships showed to be variable in this intra-annual scale; Chironomidae emergence was not seasonal, neither was related to any environmental variables measured; on the other hand, the most persistent species (Caladomyia sp. 1, Endotribelos sp. 4, Caladomyia sp. 2, and Corynoneura sp. 1) appeared to have some temporal structure on emergence, probably associated with photoperiod and minimum air temperature respectively; there was no synchrony in species emergence with most taxa emerging together through the year; species richness as taxonomic composition did not change over time.