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Concretos refratários aluminosos espinelizados
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-10) Braulio, Mariana de Albuquerque Lima; Pandolfelli, Victor Carlos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7369376873984839; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1995598271605742
The increasing steelmaking production level in association with the steel quality requirements led to the use of high performance materials. In this context, the use of refractory castables increased, due to their production and application versatilities. Magnesia is one of the most important refractory raw material, as it presents a high refractoriness and corrosion resistance to basic slags. Due to their ability to accommodate slags elements without loosing structural integrity, in-situ spinel castables (MgAl2O4) are commonly used for steel ladle lining. Nevertheless, there are many simultaneous challenges for this system optimization: (i) the MgO hydration can spoil the castable structure and result in processing problems, on shaping and drying; (ii) the intermediate temperatures mechanical strength level should be kept at suitable values and (iii) the expansion, as a consequence of spinel and CA6 formation, must be under control. Due to the lack of a systemic and conclusive analysis related to these aspects, the evaluation of these castables raw materials and their association was carried out in this work, based on the requirements pointed out above. Concerning magnesia hydration, advances were attained by the correct dispersion and particles packing. The compositions designed also resulted in suitable mechanical properties at intermediate temperatures, inhibiting cracking problems during the material s pre-heating stage. Regarding the expansive phases formation at high temperatures, all evaluated variables (cement content, binder system, magnesia source, microsilica content and aggregates nature) affected in a significant way the alumina-magnesia castables stability, providing several routes for the expansion control by the microstructural engineering of these materials. The results attained helped the scientific and technological advances in this subject.
Reforma a vapor do etanol sobre catalisadores Cu-Ni/ZnO
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2008-04-10) Barbosa, Elysabeth Fontoura; Assaf, José Mansur; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9563312407691130
In this work copper, nickel and copper/nickel supported in zinc oxide catalysts were prepared, characterized and tested in the steam reforming of ethanol to produce hydrogen. The support and the supported catalysts were prepared by precipitation and impregnation methods, respectively, using aqueous solution of copper and nickel nitrates. The supported catalysts were prepared by varying the nickel and copper loading to obtain 15% weight of metals in the final solid. After prepared and calcined, the solids were characterized by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen Adsorption by B.E.T. method, and Temperature Programmed of Reduction with H2 (TPR-H2). The results indicated that the preparation method and the treatment conditions were appropriated to achieve the designed catalytic samples. The catalytic tests were carried out in a range of temperature of 300 to 650oC and water:ethanol molar feed ratio of 3:1 and 6:1. It was verified that the ethanol conversions were higher then 80% in all range of temperature for all catalysts, including the support, independently of water:ethanol molar feed ratio. Other parallel reactions were observed, rather than steam reforming of ethanol, at different conditions of operation, like dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde and hydrogen, decarbonylation of acetaldehyde to CH4 and CO, decomposition of ethanol to CH4, CO and H2, water-gas shift and methane reforming at high temperatures. It was also observed that the best combination between metal loading and process parameters to produce hydrogen from steam reforming of ethanol was in the temperature range of 450 to 550oC, 6:1 molar water:etanol feed ratio and bimetallic catalysts with the composition Cu7,5Ni7,5ZnO.