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Fatores críticos da competitividade da cadeia produtiva da carne bovina do estado de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-03-27) Rosa, Fabiano Ribeiro Tito; Souza Filho, Hildo Meirelles de
Brazil is the main player in the beef world market. Among Brazilian States, Sao Paulo is in the first position in terms of exportation and second position in terms of production. However, the market share of the state has been decreasing, and larger investments are taking place in the Center-North region of the country. Through a survey of statistics and interviews with beef experts, this study identified the critical aspects of the competitiveness of the beef agri-chain in the State of Sao Paulo. In comparison with domestic competitors (other States), the limited supply of resources and inputs (areas of pasture, livestock and grains), the comparatively high costs of production and the tax between States ( war tax ) adversely affect the competitiveness of the beef agri-chain in the State of Sao Paulo. The conditions of the logistic and infrastructure, the access to production technology and the level of firms management are favorable factors for the Sao Paulo competitiveness. In comparison with foreign competitors, some factors that were unfavorable the supply of resources/inputs and the costs of production began to positively affect the competitiveness of the state. In another hand, the level of technology and management, for example, now began to negatively affect the results of this beef agri-chain. Food safety deserves special attention, because Brazil health status (including São Paulo) prevent the access of Brazilian in natura beef to more than a half of the world market. The actions to increase the competitiveness of the beef agri-chain of São Paulo must act in order to: minimize the tax cost for the entry of raw materials (grain and livestock) in the state, reduce risk and improve the health status of the state; maximize the logistical and infrastructural advantages of the State (the experts that were interviewed showed the need for improvements in the port of Santos) and allocate resources to areas of R&D that seek, among the industries, the development of products with higher added value and, among the producers, new technologies to enhance economic and technical efficiency of intensive production (new use of the waste, optimizing the use of machinery, crop-livestock integration and implementation of management systems, for example).
Simulação e controle do processo de produção de levedura
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-03-27) Reis, Giann Braune; Cruz, Antonio José Gonçalves da
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be useful in several ways in bioprocesses. It is widely used in anaerobic processes for production of bioethanol at Brazilians plants. It is also of great importance as baker s yeast, where the product is the biomass. Moved by the industrial interest this work will aggregate knowledge in the improvement of techniques of control applied to bioprocesses, taking as a case study of aerobic yeast growth (process of obtaining biomass). This study developed a supervisory platform to perform the data acquisition and process control of a laboratory scale bioreactor. As case study experiments with Saccharomyces Cerevisiae were performed under aerobic conditions (looking for biomass obtainment). A fuzzy controller was developed and evaluated to control the input flow of supplemental medium (glucose) in bioreactor. The control variable was respiratory quotient (RQ). A sensor for the estimation of cell concentration in real time was evaluated and it shown to be effective for the application. It could provide information to the control algorithm. The experimental data obtained were used in the validation of a literature model. The result of simulation showed that the model satisfactorily described the studied process.
Transformação de cicloexano e metilcicloexano sobre as zeólitas HMCM-22, HZSM-5 e HUSY rendimento e seletividade a hidrocarbonetos leves
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-03-27) Scherer, Ediane Karine; Urquieta-González, Ernesto Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9813717046378404; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2389975677904655
In Brazil, the oil production with high naphthenic hydrocarbon (HC) content and the hard growing for the petrochemical market have led to the necessity to maximize the production of light HC (in special light olefins). The new technologies must involve the use of acid catalysts that have high activity and selectivity. In despite of the naphthenic HC make part of the feed of the FCC reactor, few studies have been devoted to their transformations on HUSY and HZSM-5 zeolites, main active components of the FCC catalysts, and also on the MCM-22 zeolite. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane transformations on the above mentioned zeolites. The MCM-22 was hydrothermally synthesized under static conditions and in the case of USY and ZSM-5 zeolites, commercial samples were used. The samples were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, X ray diffraction, chemical analysis, nitrogen sorption, scanning electron microscopy, and evaluated in the cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane transformation at 400 oC, with after carbon analysis. The studied zeolites were active in the studied reactions, nevertheless, the conversion, yield and selectivity to light HC were dependent on the zeolite structure, number and strength of the acid sites and the external area. The HUSY zeolite, due to their higher aluminum content, showed higher activity with high yield to isomerization products. On the contrary, on the HZSM-5 zeolite the cracking products were favored with high selectivity to propane and butane. On the base of their structural and textural properties, the HMCM-22 zeolite showed a mixture of cracking and isomerization products. The selectivity to light olefins (C2=, C3= and C4=) was higher on the HZSM-5 zeolite, in which the bimolecular reactions of hydrogen transference were not favored due to the steric restrictions imposed by their microporous, which are smaller in diameter. The microporous structure was determinant in the zeolite deactivation by coke formation.
Distribuição da comunidade de epífitos vasculares em diferentes sítios na Floresta Nacional de Ipanema, Iperó, SP, Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-03-27) Bataghin, Fernando Antonio; Pires, José Salatiel Rodrigues; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1364436595052131
Despite the importance of vascular epiphytes to depict the degree of local preservation, there is little research on this subject. The present research was performed in the National Forest of Ipanema (UTM 7.422.000 and 7.390.000 S; 216.000 and 248.000 W in the zone 23 south), located in the Munnicipality of Iperó, State of São Paulo, Brasil, and aimed to characterize the vascular epiphytic community, analyzing their vertical distribution and the correlation between different sites. Three sites were considered, the first in an open area, the second at the forest border and the third inside the forest. From each one 90 assorted trees with DBH ≥ 20 cm were sampled. The surveyed trees were divided into three tree strata: low trunk, high trunk, and canopy. Frequency and diversity parameters based on the occurrence of epiphytes in the strata and in the assorted trees were estimated. In the survey 21 species of 14 genera in five families were found. Two Bromeliaceae, Tillandsia recurvata and T. tricholepis, presented the highest importance values. The Shannon index of diversity was 2.272 (nats) for the whole epiphytic community. Holoepiphytes were the dominant type. High trunk was the most diverse stratum, followed by canopy and low trunk. The statistical analysis showed significant difference between the sites of open area and forest border, and between the sites of open area and inner forest, but there was no significant difference between the sites of forest border and inner forest. In the analysis of assorted trees, 38 tree species belonging to 37 genera and 20 families were identified; the index of Shannon for assorted trees was 2.835 (nats). The species that hosted the highest number of epiphytic species (11 species) and presented the largest absolute value (AV = 882) was Tipuana tipu (Fabaceae). The statistical analysis showed no significant difference between assorted tree species in the various sites and also showed no relationship between epiphytic species and assorted tree species. The data of this study highlight the importance of these abiotic factors in limiting the development of epiphytes, and specially the importance of disturbances of human origin in the differences in composition and distribution of the vascular epiphytic between sites.
Comportamento verbal sob controle de estímulos encobertos em indivíduos com atraso no desenvolvimento intelectual : estudos exploratórios
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-03-27) Chereguini, Paulo Augusto Costa; Goyos, Antônio Celso de Noronha; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3407008711535651; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8435125810392522
This study aimed to develop the procedure for study and analysis of the covert event and to verify verbal behavior emergency under covert stimulus control. Two children and two adolescents with intellectual disabilities, students at a specialized institution, were submitted to matching to sample tasks. Preliminarily, some preferred edibles were selected for each participant and then conditioned reinforcing value of tokens was taught to make it possible to use them as teaching consequences. There was an array of experimental procedures involving two stimulus sets: set A, composed by dictated words and set B, by pictures. There was also set A composed by participants spoken words. Sets A and B were composed by four stimuli. The experimental design consisted of (1) teaching relations AB and BA , (2) teaching arbitrary relations B3B1 and B4B2 and testing symmetry, and (3) testing relations A4A 2 and A3A 1. When systematic incorrect responses were observed during relations B3B1 and B4B2 teaching, blocked trial procedure was applied. Other additional teaching procedures consisted of withdrawing the S-, teaching symmetry (B1B3 and B2B4) and providing verbal cues. However, even after applying these additional procedures, performance were above criterion, characterized by instability and deterioration. The literature emphasizes the difficulties in teaching conditional discriminations with visual stimuli for participants with intellectual disabilities. The results lead to a discussion of the intervenient variables, such as: i. Difficulties found by persons with intellectual disabilities in the matching to sample procedure; ii. What type of instruction should be given by the experimenter to help them perform the task and have access to consequences; iii. The computer as a resource to present the tasks; iv. The modality of stimuli and stimulus relations; v. Different performances presented by the participants during the exposure to the same experimental condition; vi. The consequences of reinforcement; vii. The criterion of performance established for each experimental condition and for additional procedure and; viii. Interruption in data collection. We conclude that although the participants did not reach performance criterion in relations B3B1 and B4B2 teaching, this study provides contributions of procedure design, and raises methodological questions that advance the understanding of covert stimulus tact acquisition by persons with intellectual disabilities. Through the discussion on these possible intervenient variables, we may infer that participants errors may be a matter of procedure instead of being related to their learning disabilities.
Carne e bits: reflexões sobre a indiscernibilidade das fronteiras entre mentes e máquinas e os sistemas cognitivos híbridos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-03-27) Guimarães, André Sathler; Teixeira, João de Fernandes; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8864985279295912; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9394532830433721
The thesis main goal is to analyze the various forms of relationship between subjects and technical-objects, with emphasis on the use of digital computers and, particularly, softwares called smart agents. The thesis analyzes the space and its qualitative changes in actuality, from the concept of space as a human production, analyzing how the changes underway in the environment affect our subjectivities and, conversely, how we affect our environments. There are presented arguments about the possibilities of survival for the naked man in these new spaces, unless it is properly updated with the latest technology - sensory and motor prostheses. There is a discussion about the use of space as a part of the thought process and about the abstract space par excellence, the virtual worlds. From the discussions of space, the thesis proposes reflections about the body that will be included in these new spaces. There is presented a pattern for the use of artifacts by man and its effects on subjectivity. The body that is increasingly appropriating technical-objects, prosthetic body, establishing new relationships with technology and is a parabiotic system. Then, the thesis discusses the pattern applied to the use of intangible technical-objects (software). There are two conceptual proposals, about the possibility of considering the smart agents as one of the layers of dennett s model of consciousness (multiple drafts model). The second proposal, similar in approach, shows that smart agents can be considered as modules under the model of conscience of Fodor. The thesis brings thoughts about the possibility of considering smart agents as autonomous and independent the Artificial Intelligence. It presents a conceptual proposal, which is the definition of objective states that may not be objectively treated, as a possible root to the possibility of autonomy in computing machines. The conclusions of the thesis indicate a growing difficulty in discerning the boundaries between minds and digital machines, in a world of hybrids cognitive systems.
Inclusão escolar de crianças com necessidades educacionais especiais : práticas e perspectivas de terapeutas ocupacionais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-03-27) Cardoso, Paula Tatiana; Matsukura, Thelma Simões; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5808878063416033
More importance is being attributed to the inclusion of children with special needs in the general school education system in Brazil. In this context, there has been increased discussion regarding the use of several different knowledge fields in the elaboration and execution of child-inclusive working practices. This study s objective is to identify and characterize, in the occupational therapists point of view, the working practices used by Occupational Therapy professionals in the process of including special needs children in general school, in the State of São Paulo. The study also tried to identify strategies and actions that could be used and reinforced in this context. A survey was designed and applied, collecting data from 127 occupational therapists that work or have worked with child inclusion and who are members of the Regional Counsel of Phisioterapy and Occupational Therapy of the State of São Paulo, Crefito-3. The survey was designed by the researcher using previous studies as a reference, was submitted to the analysis of external senior professionals and professors, and was pilot-tested with a sample of occupational therapists. Three strategies were adopted in the data-collection process: sending the survey through mail, electronic mail or collecting the responses via an internet site. The data collected was subjected to descriptive-exploratory analysis and correlation analysis. The main results obtained indicate that occupational therapists that become involved in the child-inclusion process: a) get involved with child-inclusion through the medical environment, in clinics; b) work in the general education system; c) involve the family of the children and other healthcare professionals in the process; d) identify the lack of knowledge of teachers and of the school in general as the greatest single obstacle in their work, and e) recognize as high the impact occupational therapists can have in the child-inclusion process in general schools.
Diagnóstico ambiental da paisagem do entorno do reservatório do Rio Atibainha, Nazaré Paulista, SP: uso do mapeamento espacial e social da região como ferramenta para o planejamento agroecológico
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-03-27) Antunes, Luciana Rocha; Schlindwein, Marcelo Nivert; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9690898537150950; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8322564307980489
The mapping of land use along with the characterization of the farmers in the local context and their perception of the environment around them are presented as a fundamental approach to understanding the consequences of intense expansion of human activities in rural areas. This work presents a diagnosis of uses of land in the region of contribution of Atibainha Reservoir, in Nazaré Paulista city (SP), from the System of Water Supply Cantareira, in order to identify key elements of the regional landscape through the analysis of thematic maps and socioeconomic characterization of the local farmers. The diagnosis of the landscape used tools of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), using the ESRI software Arcmap. It was identified six categories of land use: eucalyptus, F1 forest, forest F2, exposed soil, pasture and abandoned area. The forest F1 classified forests which area in the initial stage of regeneration, with a lot of human influences and forest F2 were classified as a forest in medium stage of regeneration, in a better state of preservation. Image analysis described that almost 43% of the total area around the Atibainha Reservoir are permanent preservation areas (PPAs), and 42% corresponding to the classification of forest F2. This highlights the fact that most areas of PPAs corresponds to the environmental legislation enforce to reservoirs areas, this is until 100 meters of its margins. Found the same scenario have shown a significant proportion of forests, all categories of PPAs had been evaluated without approximately 50% of natural cover and isolation of remaining forest is in the structure of the local landscape, which is due to the incorporation of agricultural activities predominant, as pasture and eucalyptus. While agriculture receives less attention than the importance of forests in the maintenance of natural resources and conservation of biodiversity, the agriculture is in close relationship with the environmental resources, both in the use of these resources, such as landscaping organization that are require when this human activity are present in a region. Meanwhile, interviews with landowners identified that the forest is classified as obstacle to development of economic activities of the establishment, ie the existence of the forest haven t allowed the expansion of agriculture activity. It also addressed the context of the forest in the everyday people. There was no understanding in various aspects of the forest in the daily lives of farmers, largely because it did not identify any environmental benefit of the forest to the rural properties. Therefore, the reduction of environmental problems in the region requires change on many levels, as the organization and collective enforcement. For this part, the agroecology is shown as an alternative to regional agricultural production and the rescue of traditional knowledge which incorporate more environmental and social effective ideas on local agriculture. And still because of the natural features, forest management activities with the ecological restoration, especially in areas of permanent preservation and the involvement and understanding of the needs for the population that lives there becomes a way for effective policies implementation to the change of regional landscape organization.