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Peixes de costão rochoso: Reserva Biológica Marinha do Arvoredo (Brasil) e arquipélago dos Açores (Portugal)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-11-12) Andrade, Áthila Bertoncini; Verani, José Roberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0053232138684810; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0192715307458262
The success of a Marine Protected Area relies strongly on how well they meet their management goals. The Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve (AMBR) lies in the southernmost limit of reef fishes occurrence in the Southwestern Atlantic. An updated checklist of shallow coastal fish species of the AMBR archipelago, with 15 new records is presented with comments on rare and threatened species. A total of 203 species belonging to 133 genera and 68 families and 17 orders was observed during the four-year monitoring the rocky reef fish in areas inside and outside the AMBR, through underwater visual censuses. The richest families were Carangidae, Serranidae, Labridae, Scaridae and Gobiidae. All comparisons significantly favoured communities inside the AMBR, except for diversity that was not significantly different. Haemulon aurolineatum was the most abundant species in all six sites, being Stegastes fuscus the most frequent. Invertebrate feeders dominated the areas, followed by omnivores in relative abundance. The analysis of how selected target species benefit from the protection effect did not show a clear pattern of significant increases in abundances along the sampled years. The same methodology was applied to investigate the community structure of shallow rocky reef fish fauna of the Azores Archipelago. A total of 52 fish species from 26 different families was observed. Trophic categories are given for observed species with comments on distribution and densities along sampled depth strata. Sparidae, Labridae and Carangidae were the most speciose families, being Diplodus sargus, Pagellus acarne and Coris julis, the most abundant species that consequently also accounted to the highest densities. Mean densities along sampled strata were tested for significant differences. Cleaning interactions among the rainbow wrasse Coris julis and the azorean blue wrasse Centrolabrus caeruleus are presented, as well as, comments on the exotic species Diplodus vulgaris, observed foraging among schools of small sized Labrids. In the case of AMBR, while surveillance of poaching, development and implementation of long-term educational programs, as well as, efforts to improve enforcement do not overcome the status of minimal, the AMBR will continue far from completing its fundamental objectives of protecting the rich ecosystem it shelters.
Sublimação, pulsão de morte, superego: o papel das teses freudianas sobre a cultura na elaboração das concepções metapsicológicas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-11-12) Nakasu, Maria Vilela Pinto; Simanke, Richard Theisen; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5431145327759147; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0598889377212311
Considering that Freudian reflection about culture belongs entirely to the field of psychoanalytic investigation, as do neurosis or the facts of normal individual psychism, this work intends to verify how such reflection points out to the formulation and consolidation of metapsychologic notions. In order to do so, we will focus on sublimation, death pulsion and superego concepts, once they are crucial concepts of solidarity among these two reflections: metapsychology and theory of culture. In the same way, we aim at contributing to a more precise outlining of metapsychology meaning.
Da terra ao prato: um estudo das práticas de autoconsumo em um assentamento rural
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-11-12) Duval, Henrique Carmona; Valêncio, Norma Felicidade Lopes da Silva; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7161606146208875; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1127516712972199
I ssues surrounding food production within the family agriculture system, where they grow their own food for self-consumption, are being focused by the academic reflection of Social Sciences as well as across all levels of government. This production system is strongly associated with the process of social reproduction but its evaluation, beyond the economic dimension, remains unclear. This research seeks to develop a qualitative sociological investigation on the food production for self-consumption among rural families settled in Monte Alegre farm, in the region of Araraquara, State of São Paulo. It was carried out an integrated analysis on the agricultural systems used in farming and growing food, involving family labor, and eventually, the dish of food of the settled families. Such analysis also included the fight for land and the autonomy as human being, the non-forced labor and family cohesion and the material and symbolic dimensions of social life. In order to collect data, a semi-structured questionnaire was completed headed to the main work assumptions; moreover it was applied methodological procedures, such as journeys and direct observation, daily field record, collection of menus, drawings, inventories, and also the photo-documentation of the lands. The records collected from the families indicate that, after a period where they had suffered expropriation of their territories, occurred by the agricultural modernization, the fight for land and the productive farming establishment in the land granted them another opportunity to grow their own food, reproducing techniques, landscapes and menus from a remaining memory of the agricultural life they experienced before the mentioned expropriation. The settled families recommence producing by their own efforts, supported on traditional agriculture practices, and the result is that growing food turned into provisions allowed them to recover the aspects of their social identity as food growers and producers, however, in a new social status. It can be concluded that employing such practices, it is possible to change the relations between family and land, which can be seen as a primary source of nutrients, as well as they allow experiments around sustainable agriculture, providing an assorted food basket that meets family s tastes and preferences, assuring food safety and guaranteeing the rights to food sovereignty.
Estudos da ontogenia e da alimentação inicial de larvas de peixes, com ênfase em dourado Salminus brasiliensis (Characiformes, Characidae)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009-11-12) Mai, Mônica Giacometti; Verani, José Roberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0053232138684810; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0652902246835071
Samples were carried out on embryos and larvae of dourado Salminus brasiliensis from 6 hours after fertilization (haf) until the 17th day after fertilization (daf) in order to study the development of sensory system, by scanning electron microscopy, and on the structural and functional development of digestive tract by histological and histochemical analysis. From the sensory system were studied: the development of the eyes, the olfactory organ, the cephalic mechanoreceptors and the lateral line mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors (taste buds). It was observed that the eyes and the nostrils develop very early (from 18 haf), followed by the cephalic mechanoreceptors and by the mechanoreceptors of the principal and secondary lateral line (48 haf). These types of senses are probably the most used for feeding during this initial phase. The taste buds showed a later development compared to the other sensorial structures cited, and were first observed sparsely distributed along the bucopharynx at 8 daf. The morphological development of the digestive system was described based on histological slides and its functionality was analyzed by histochemical staining. At 18 haf, the gut was observed dorsally to the yolk-sac. At this phase were also observed a group of cells that would form the liver and the pancreas. At 24 haf were verified the formation of oesophagus and the future orobranchial, which were characterized as mouth and pharynx at 48 haf. The oesophagus and the oesophagic sphincter were also defined and the gut remains as a straight tube at 48 haf. The rectum, ileo-rectal valve and anus were already present, as well as the liver and pancreas were differentiated, characterized by the hepatic cells and pancreatic acini, respectively. Teeth were observed at 72 haf, and folds were seen in the rectum epithelium. Between 96 and 120 haf the liver and pancreas showed complete development. In the same time, folds appeared and increased in number on the mucosal wall of the entire intestine. From the 8º daf, the digestive system was completely developed, possibly able to absorb the nutrients of a formulated diet. Experiments were also conducted in order to evaluate different feeds for weaning the dourado larvae from live feed onto inert diet, aiming at to reduce the costs during the larviculture. The treatment using piau Leporinus obtusidens as prey promoted the higher survival rates compared to the others. Bovine s heart and frozen artemia biomass induced to the worst performances in both co-feeding regime and in abrupt regime. Artemia used as live feed in both XIII regimes, and even inert diet offered directly, produced very low survival results along 17 days of trial, but at in a short term, could allow some growth. Therefore, an ideal diet was not identified to dourado, specially concerning to inert diet amount offered that avoid high concentrations of ammonium as the same time that reaches the nutritional requirements, being also attracting to these fish during the larviculture phase. A last experiment of this thesis is related to techniques for radioactive labeling of food with C14, used for monitoring the effects of early introduction of inert diet in lipid digestibility and metabolism of sole Solea senegalensis. Larval feed intake, growth and survival were also monitored in larva reared on a standard live feed regime (ST) and co-feeding regime with inert diet (Art R). Trials using sole larvae fed with Artemia enriched with two different lipid emulsions, containing glycerol tri [1-14C] oleate (TAG) and L-3-phosphatidylcholine-1,2-di-[1-14C] oleoyl (PL), were performed at 9 and 17 days after hatching (DAH) to study lipid utilization. Co-feeding did not affect sole survival rates (ST 59.1±15.9%; Art R 69.56±9.3%), but was reflected in significantly smaller final weight at 16 DAH (ST 0.71±0.20; Art R 0.48± 0.14 mg). Higher feed intake was observed in sole larvae fed on Artemia enriched with labeled PL at 9 DAH but not at 17 DAH. At 17 DAH, the smaller larvae (Art R treatment) ingested proportionally more Artemia in weight percentage, independently of enrichment. At 9 DAH lipid digestibility was equal among treatments and higher than 90%, while at 17 DAH it was higher in ST treatment (around 73%) compared to the Art R group (around 66%). Lipid retention efficiency at 9 DAH was higher in the Art R treatment, reaching values of 50%, while these values almost duplicated at 17 DAH, ranging up to 80% in both treatments without significant differences. These results show that co-feeding of live feed and inert diet from first-feeding in Senegalese sole has a toll in terms of growth and lipid digestibility but does not seem to compromise lipid metabolic utilization.