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Respostas cardiorrespiratórias do teleósteo de respiração aérea, Clarias gariepinus, exposto à hipóxia gradual
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-06-25) Belão, Thiago de Campos; Rantin, Francisco Tadeu; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3546242299713690; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8876132456472368
Air-breathing fish are classified as obligatory (when breathing obligatory atmospheric air independently of the water O2 tension) or facultative air-breather (using an air breathing organ ABO -, when theirs gills are not able to extract all O2 necessary to maintain the aerobic mechanisms under hypoxic conditions). The catfish, Clarias gariepinus, is airbreathing fish that shows modifications on the gill lamella, forming a ventilatory fan, and on the 2o e 4o gill arches, forming an arborescent organ. These structures form the ABO of this specie.The objectives of the present study were: 1. To determine if C. gariepinus is an obligatory or a facultative air breather. 2. To analyze the cardio-respiratory responses ( VO2 - metabolic rate; VG - gill ventilation; VT ventilatory volume; fR respiratory frequency; EO2 O2 extraction from the ventilatory current; fH- heart frequency) in response to progressive hypoxia. 3. To verify if the critical O2 tension (PcO2) of this specie is correlated with the O2 uptake from the atmospheric air.To classify the air-breathing mode of C. Gariepinus, the fish (Wt ~ 350 g; n = 7) were maintained in normoxia during 24 hours without access to air. The fR maintained constant during all the experiment and there was no mortality, indicating that C. gariepinus is a facultative air-breather. To analyze the cardio-respiratory responses to progressive hypoxia, VO2 , EO2, fR, VT, VG , EO2 and fH were recorded under the following water O2 tensions(PwO2): 100, 70, 50 e 30 mmHg. Fish maintained a constant VO2 until the PcO2 (~ 55 mmHg), below which VO2 decreased significantly. This decreasing was followed with the significant reduction of EO2 in PinspO2 of 62,7 ± 1,30 mmHg reaching values of 19,6 ± 1,9 % in severe hypoxia. The VG and the VT increased progressively until PinspO2 of 28,0 ± 0,5 mmHg, reaching highest values of, respectively, 1545,7 ± 63,5 mLH2O.kg-1.min-1, 33,9 ± 0,8 mLH2O.Kg-1.resp-1 e 57,2 ± 1,4 resp.min-1. The fH reduced progressively from 43,4 ± 0,4 bpm, in normóxia, arriving significant values just above the PcO2 and reaching minimum values (19,2 ± 3,0 bpm) in severe hypoxia. Under progressive hypoxia (100, 70, 50, 30 e 20 mmHg) and with the access to the atmospheric air, C. gariepinus (Wt ~ 610 g; n = 9) presented a 5-fold increase in the air-breathing frequency (fRA). A bradycardia was observed just before the air breath and a tachycardia just after.Concluding, C. gariepinus is a continuous facultative air-breathing fish that regulate the 2 O V until the PcO2 of ~54 mmHg. Below this tension fish increase the VG mainly due to a larger increase of VT (lower metabolic cost of VG ). The hypoxic pre-air breath bradycardia is characteristic of aquatic breathers while the post-air breath tachycardia is typical of air respirators. The fRA increased proportionally with the progressive hypoxia, mainly just above the PcO2. These results show that C. gariepinus is adapted to survive at hypoxic habitats and that this species show a higher dependence of the atmospheric air than the others facultative air-breathing fishes.
Modelo de mistura padrão com tempo de falha exponencial e censura informativa
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-06-25) Freitas, Luiz Antonio de; Rodrigues, Josemar; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4359114733394761
In this work we consider the long-term survival model introduced by Berkson & Gage (1952), for modeling survival data of nonhomogeneous populations, where a subpopulation does not present the event of interest, despite a long follow-up period. The cure rate models presented in the literature usually are developed under the assumption that censorship is noninformative. In the usual survival models Lawless (1982) considers that the variable of censoring is informative if its density function and its distribution function involve some parameter of interest. We propose a new definition of informative censoring in a similar way. This de_nition is extended for the unified long-term survival models (Rodrigues et al., 2009). Moreover, we verify, with simulated data, the impact caused by informative censoring in the coverage probabilities and in the lengths of asymptotic confidence intervals of the parameters of interest. A Bayesian approach with Jeffreys prior is also proposed. An example with real data is analysed.
Integrando processos ambientais e espaciais na ecologia de comunidades aquáticas em escala regional
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010-06-25) Barros, Tadeu de Siqueira; Strixino, Susana Trivinho; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1804083229761186; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3312992120803629
For decades the search for determinants of biodiversity and structuring processes of natural communities has been concentrated on the role of environmental factors and differences in species niche. The neutral theory of biodiversity challenged this view by assuming functional equivalence between species and a major role of stochastic spatial processes. In this thesis, I aimed at analyzing how local and regional ecological processes interact to influence the structure of aquatic metacommunities. The thesis has three chapters. In the first one, I investigated one of the most widespread patterns in ecology, the relationship between species local abundance and regional distribution. I used niche characteristics, estimated independently from local and landscape metrics, to explain the relationship. In the second chapter, I tested whether common and rare species are influenced by environmental and spatial processes in a different manner. In the last chapter, I tried to identify taxon association within the Chironomidae that occur in São Paulo State. Besides, I built ecological models considering information from environmental and spatial processes at different scales aiming at predicting theses associations. In general, I conclude that to understand the dynamics of aquatic metacommunities one must include local, landscape and spatial variables in the analyses. Furthermore, it seems that some species do not differ in their realized niches. In other words, they occupy parts of the environmental gradient in a similar way, thus they respond in a similar way to the same type of ecological processes. This opens an avenue for monitoring and conservation programs. For example, we can use a reduced number of species to monitor entire communities. In my opinion, now we need to advance the way we measure and include spatial processes like dispersal in our models.