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Caracterização da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos e fatores abióticos da represa de Itupararanga (Bacia do Alto Sorocaba, SP)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-03-14) Beghelli, Frederico Guilherme de Souza; Santos, André Cordeiro Alves dos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2131880667704281; Urso-Guimarães, Maria Virginia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8718750802689009; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7634329513219489; Pinho, Luiz Carlos de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1197775725969056; Rocha, Odete; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7577441794992601
The objectives of this work were the benthic macroinvertebrate community characterization from Itupararanga Reservoir, High Sorocaba Basin, SP, Brazil and the identification of the main abiotic factors wich affects the structure and distribution of those organisms. Samplings were taken with Van-Veen grab three times (cumulative samplings). The samplings were taken at three reservoir‟s zones: riverine zone, transitional and lacustrine ones and at two regions: litoral and central ones. Furthermore, it was taken samples during the wet (December 2009 and February 2010) and dry seasons (June and August 2010). The dissolved oxygen concentrations, electric conductivity, pH, transparency and depth near the bottom were reccorded in situ by using a multiprobe and Secchi disc in all sample points. With the objective to verify witch environmental variables would be the most important for the benthic macroinvertebrates community characterization, a correspondence canonical analisis (CCA) was done by the main taxa density logarithm and the water and sediment variables data matrix. The total number of reccorded taxa was 28. The Diptera family Chironomidae was the richest group (19 taxa). The Tubificinae (Clitellata, Naididae) were numerically dominants during the wet season and the Chironomidae (Diptera) were it during the dry one. Similarity analysis was performed in order to test the spatial heterogeneity hypotesis even in the longitudinal either in the transversal directions and the seasonly effects over the community. The results points to the occurrence of the spatial heterogeneity in both directions. So the reservoir diverges either in riverine, transitional and lacustrine zones, and central and litoral regions. The riverine zone is more distinctive than the others. This zone is characterized by having high nutrient concentrations (even in the water, either in the sediment) and coarse sediment. Moreover, the characteristic taxa are: Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri, Branchiura sowerbyi and Chironomus sp. It has high density values and dominance when compared to the other zones. The transitional and lacustrine zones presents some more intense transversal heterogeneity with more rich and diverse communities near the margins. It was noticed that the benthic macroinvertebrates responses to spatial gradient of environmental conditions in both senses, the longitudinal, and the transversal. Factors associated to environmental impacts and natural factors like granulometric sediment composition or depth can be determinants to the structure and composition of the community. The Itupararanga Reservoir is in eutrophication process and the riverine zone is the most affected area because it receives more directly the possible headwater impacts
Efeito Aharonov-Bohm em partículas neutras
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-03-14) Teodoro, Marcio Daldin; Marques, Gilmar Eugenio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5602634309535528
In classical Physics, the motion of an electrically charged particle is affected only by the presence of a magnetic field if the particle enters a region of space in which the field is present. Meanwhile, in quantum Physics, a charged carrier can be affected by the electromagnetic vector potential ~A, even in regions where the magnetic field ~B is not present. This surprising contrast between classical and quantum Physics has been experimentally proven in several beautiful experiments in semiconducting, metallic and superconducting material systems, and has been called Aharonov-Bohm effect. More recently, however, several theoretical works have discussed the plausible existence of this effect even for neutral particles! In this PhD Thesis project it is shown the first clear experimental observation of the Aharonov-Bohm effect in neutral excitons in InAs quantum rings. Signatures of this effect appear as oscillations in the intensity of the photoluminescence emission bands with increasing magnetic fields and also depending on the dimensions of the quantum rings. These oscillations are affected by the uniaxial strain field due to the piezoelectricity of the asymmetric InAs rings, as revealed by the atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy images and X-Ray Diffraction measurements using synchrotron light. A theoretical model that describes the behavior of the excitonic interference pattern and its modulation with temperature and uniaxial electric fields has been used for the interpretation of the experimental data. The detection of AB oscillations mediated by electron-hole pair correlation is a fundamental quantum mechanical effect that will trigger further studies in this area of fundamental physics as well as technological applications.
Bioprospecção de fungos produtores de celulases da região amazônica para a produção de etanol celulósico
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-03-14) Delabona, Priscila da Silva; Farinas, Cristiane Sanchez; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9933650905615452; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9016348395509598
Prospecting for cellulose-producing fungi is one of the possible strategies for obtaining the necessary enzymes to hydrolyze the lignocellulosic material and to contribute to the viability of cellulosic ethanol production. Among the different biomes, the Amazon represents a potential source of cellulolytic fungi due to its unique soil and climatic conditions that favor the continued degradation of the biomass of the forest undergrowth. In this context, the objective of this study was the isolation and selection of fungi producing complex cellulase present in the Amazon biome with high efficiency through the process of solid-state fermentation (SSF) of 100 soil samples collected at 50 different points of Reserve Embrapa Eastern Amazon, in Belém - PA. After isolation of fungi, a total of 110, they were transferred to plates containing crystalline cellulose (Avicel) as sole carbon source for selection. Of these 110, 10 fungi were selected that showed the highest growth. The selected strains were grown at 35 ° C for 120 hours in SSF, using as a substrate for a first selection of strains producing endoglucanases, wheat bran with 60 % humidity. The two fungi had higher enzyme production in wheat bran, Aspergillus fumigatus (P40M2) and Aspergillus niger (P47C3) were evaluated in several other substrates, with different percentage of humidity. In these other substrates, has also evaluated the production of endoglucanases, Fpase, xylanase and β- glucosidase.The fungus Aspergillus fumigatus P40M2 showed, in general, the best production of these enzymes. So, finally, the enzymes produced by Aspergillus fumigatus P40M2 were characterized optimum pH, optimum temperature and thermal stability, and their bands of activities identified by electrophoresis (zymograms). The extract obtained by the fungus is characteristic thermophilic and acidophilic being very important for hydrolysis of biomass to ethanol production.