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O extrativismo de castanha-do-brasil Bertholletia excelsa (Humbl. & Bonpl.) no rio Madeira, Rondônia: bases para uma gestão ambiental participativa
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-03-25) Santos, Raquel Rodrigues dos; Nordi, Nivaldo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8168865557947289; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4077740709764864
The approaches of socio-ecological systems, resilience, and adaptive management suggest new forest governance arrangements that include the participation of marginalized rural people in territorial management. These approaches require efforts of scientists and managers to deal with local knowledge and with the social institutions that govern resource access and use by these people. This research was conducted in two communities of the Lower Madeira River (São Carlos and Cuniã) and the objectives were: (i) to characterize the Brazil nut Bertholletia excelsa (Humb. & Bonpl.) harvest based on harvest practices and local knowledge; (ii) to characterize the official land tenure and the customary property rights regimes in the harvest areas within and around the protected areas where co-management between government and local communities is officially assumed; (iii) to determine whether there are discrepancies between official land tenure and customary property rights regimes in those areas; and (iv) to verify the influence of customary property rights regimes on specie's management, and which regime or regime arrangements are more likely to promote the conservation of the harvest areas and the species. Qualitative and ethnographic methods were used with semi-structured and open-ended questionnaires, participatory observation, and mapping with Brazil nut harvesters from the two communities and other stakeholders. The data were interpreted from the perspective of ethnoecology ("etnoecologia abrangente"), human ecology and property rights regimes. The results suggest that: (i) the existing local knowledge in the region is extensive and driven by environmental feedbacks and therefore should be considered for adaptive comanagement; (ii) the organization and dynamics in the harvest areas are complex and differ from the official land tenure; (iii) the management practices that contribute to conservation of B. excelsa are more likely to remain in property regime arrangements between state and community, since these regimes have less conflicts and uncertainty in relation to harvest areas access and use.
O uso da simulação em ergonomia de concepção: uma reflexão a partir do projeto de uma cabine de ponte rolante em uma refinaria de petróleo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-03-25) Silverio, Michel; Menegon, Nilton Luiz; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5461487552981919; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2996612750156443
Despite the benefits provided by the ergonomic approach to the design process, their participation is still limited, given that the specifics of workers as gestures and reasoning, in most cases, are not covered by the professionals responsible for developing new systems work. Thus, this work is to present a case study involving the practice of ergonomic design in the development of a crane cab in a petroleum refining industry. For this, we developed an Ergonomic Work Analysis (EWA), used as the basis for the development of concepts supported by sketches, plans and digital models. It was also used as a way of representing the human-environment system, digital human dummy that gave rise to the scenarios used in the construction of simulated situations. These situations were aimed at the confrontation of different representations of the members of the design process. From the conclusions of the case study, we presented the constraints and the contributions that simulation can bring to the process of designing work situations, whether in the construction of scenarios, or in simulated situations or participating in ergonomic designs.
Higienismo e educação nas páginas de O Ateneu
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-03-25) Bercho, Carolina Fuzaro; Bittar, Marisa; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2796440118637554
This text analyzes the schooling process in Brazil during se XIX century, questioning the formation of secondary education on the Empire of the Court. Rather, the discourse for the education, set within the broad project of social intervention, made by the medical corporation. Aiming to examine more precisely the representations medicalhygienic, we used two tipes os sources: two theses by graduating in medicine from the mid XIX century, and the romance of memories: O Ateneu, written by the intellectual Raul Pompéia in 1888. Aiming to examine the proposal set out in the literature in conjunction with the medical-civilizing project for youth in Rio de Janeiro, as well as highlight the importance of hygiene and the orientation mechanism of the everyday practices of school time.
Desenvolvimento de projetos sobre meio ambiente para o ensino-aprendizagem de conceitos físicos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-03-25) Gouveia, Riama Coelho; Chiquito, Adenilson José; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7087360072774314; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2500065916129657
The environment is a complex issue that involves knowledge of several areas of science. Environmental problems are becoming increasingly important for peaple around de world, both in direct confrontation of pollution or disasters and through the media, when it releases the global warming or the hole in the ozone layer. The high school students establish contact with environmental issues, plus the prior knowledge they acquire at the fundamental level, so the environment which be use as context for the discussion of diverse subject matter of physics. From another point of view, discussion of environmental issues in the classroom meets the education of citizens aware of the world they live in, the relations men establish with nature, and so able an active participation seeking for emancipation. Taking advantage of these features of environment were developed projects involving teachers from the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo campus Sertãozinho, of physics, chemistry, biology, portuguese and sociology, and students of classes 1 and 2 years High School integrated with the Technical Education in Chemistry and Industrial Automation. The topics discussed in the projects, a total of eight distributed between the years 2009 and 2010, were chosen by the group of students and teachers involved and the methodology used was action research, emphasizing the participation and active cooperation of all during the entire process, since the organization of the steps to the analysis of results. The work included research in bibliographical sources, writing papers, discussions in the classroom, build experiments, making banners, preparation of seminars and presentations at events type science fairs. The data for analysis were collected through several sources: the researcher's daily log, photographic records, questionnaires, interviews, school documents and work produced by students. The materials and student responses to questions on proposed assessments showed a good understanding of the physics concepts treated in projects and a greater engagement about school knowledge. Every group involved has recognized the role of social work, in the sense that a better understanding of environmental problems contributes to the training staff and enables a more conscious action in the community. During the development of research other aspects appeared: the eminently interdisciplinaity of environmental problemas as a teaching resource and the motivation of students to conduct research, make experiments and public presentation, characteristics that are necessary for the implementation of system projects. On the other hand, the activities showed the difficulties of teamwork, both among teachers and among students, what unfortunately is not restricted to this project or the educational system, but it is present in various moments of life in society. vi Despite the difficulties the objectives were achieved, thus demonstrating the contribution of the inclusion of environmental issues for the teaching-learning process, particularly in the physical component of the curriculum. However, there is much to research, about the themes that can be explored and how to use the environment as a truly interdisciplinary proposal.
Aplicação de ZnO nanoestruturado na agricultura
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-03-25) Fattobene, André Luiz Evangelista; Leite, Edson Roberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1025598529469393; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7842928655195216
In this study we attempted to produce two fertilizers with ZnO nanoparticles and also attempted to characterize and apply them in order to establish a comparison between the distribution of particle sizes and levels of implementation, using as basis a micronized commercial fertilizer keeping the concentration. To produce these fertilizers it was used the technologie called Top-Down using the technique of high energy milling among with characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy with field emission gun (SEM-FEG), analysis of micrographs using the software ImageJ obtaining the distribution of particle size, analysis of content and heavy metals by an ICP-OES, pH, specific gravity, viscosity and premature aging test. It was noticed that during the aging tests there was a precipitation, what indicated that the suspending agent was not effective. After a year and three months the distributions of particle size was analyzed and there was no significant change, demonstrating that the increased amount of dispersant was appropriate. The agronomic tests were divided into two phases, the first one was used to collect data about which of the two fertilizers would have the best performance and the second one was used to understand what the correct dosage and the best way of application. At the first test it was only possible to notice the difference between the two at a dosage of 37.5 ml/ha, the smallest of all. The fertilizer Nano Zinc 5 produced the better results. At the second test, when the fertilizer Nano Zinc 5 was tested in various dosages and applications at seeds and leaves, the best result in mg/kg at the leaf and grain was the 50 mL. The applications that have brought higher average number of seeds per pod were the one with 100 mL/ha by seed, 50 mL/ha via seed and 100 mL/ha on the leaves. The applications that have brought greater average weight of grain per plant were 200 mL/ha by leaves, 100 mL/ha by leaves, 50 ml/ha by seeds, 200 mL/ha by seeds and 100 mL/ha by seeds. Regarding productivity, applications with higher productivity are in the same sequence of average mass per grain. These results demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of producing a fertilizer on the nanometer scale.
Redução do biofilme de Streptococcus mutans sobre um material restaurador dentário modificado com nanopartículas de prata – estudo in vitro
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-03-25) Agnelli, Patricia Bolzan; Souza, Clovis Wesley Oliveira de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0781683628437007; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4261719492756858
The bacterium Streptococcus mutans is one of the main initiators species of biofilm and is related to the etiology of caries. Currently there have been many studies investigating ways to reduce bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on biomaterials, in order to prevent diseases and infections, such as the use of silver nanoparticles embedded in the materials. However, few studies have investigated the benefits of these particles in materials that are utilized within the oral cavity. The main objective of this research was to compare biofilm formation of this specie on the composite resin in its commercial form today and an experimental composite resin, which were added silver nanoparticles, which are bactericidal, using a method of counting viable cells recovered from the biofilms. Were produced cylindrical specimens of 4 mm in height and circular base of 4 mm in diameter, resin and resin with nanoparticles at three different concentrations, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.6% by mass. They were incubated in liquid medium with sucrose, containing about 108 CFU/ml, to cause bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation in vitro. The count of viable cells from the samples was made after the disintegration of biofilms on them adhered in ultrasonic tank, and was performed after 1 day, 4 days and 7 days of incubation. Considering the mean and standard deviation values, the results showed that on the experimental resins with concentrations of 0.3% and 0.6% of silver nanoparticles, the number of adhered bacterial cells was lower than in resin in its commercial form today, no silver, and also smaller than the resin to 0.1% in the three incubation periods studied. The scanning electron micrograph of a biofilm of S. mutans adhered to the surface of each specimen was also performed after the same time intervals, and allowed morphological analysis of the structure of cells and cell clusters attached to surfaces. A compression test was also performed to verify if the inclusion of antibacterial nanoparticles in the resin does not affect the mechanical performance of the same. The results of this trial showed that the resin with 0.3% concentration of nanoparticle had a better mechanical properties in compression, and resin with a concentration of 0.6% worse performance, compared with the resin without silver nanoparticles, It was concluded that the composites with 0.3% silver nanoparticles are advantageous for clinical application, because it showed how a material less favorable to bacterial adhesion, without prejudice to its mechanical resistance. They may therefore benefit patients, assisting in the prevention of recurrent caries, which occur around the margins of restorations, and in the maintenance of good oral hygiene.
Atrator no sentido pullback e trajetórias completas extremas para problemas governados pelo p-Laplaciano
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-03-25) Capelato, Erika; Gentile, Cláudia Buttarello; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1295174684198407; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6192405950709744
We study non-autonomous problems with the main part given by the p- Laplacian and establish existence results of pullback attractor, comparison of solutions and existence of a maximal and a minimal complete trajectories. In bounded smooth domains we assume rather general conditions on the perturbative operator and we admit the process associated with the problem being multivalued. We obtain analogous results for systems in Rn with further restrictions in perturbative terms in such way that we deal with a univocal process.