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Toxicidade e alterações morfofuncionais em Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) exposto ao herbicida Roundup Ready
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-04-01) Shiogiri, Natália Sayuri; Fernandes, Marisa Narciso; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3021357484136942; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0069152887129671
The water body contamination by agrochemical residues is one of the main concerns on the preservation of aquatic biota. The glyphosate is one of the most used herbicides and the Roundup® Ready (RR) formulation has been recently introduced in the market and needs to be evaluated in relation to the possible effects to the aquatic biota. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the herbicide glyphosate in the Roundup® Ready formulation, determining the LC 50;48h and the effects of acute and chronic exposure over the hematologic variables, morphofunctional alterations in gills and liver and responses of the antioxidant defense system in the liver of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. The LC 50;48h of glyphosate in this formulation was estimated in 3,74 mg.L-1, with inferior limit of 3,54 mg.L-1 and superior limit of 3,95 mg.L-1. According to LC 50;48h values, it were defined the quotients stipulating concentrations to be used in the chronic toxicity test. The analyzed alterations in liver of pacus allowed the estimation of the Index of histopathological alterations (IAH), wich ranged between 1,69 to 135,84 in acute test; and between 2,07 to 55,43 in chronic test. In the fishes gills submitted to both tests, acute and chronic, there were no severe alterations. The IAH on gills ranged between 0,29 to 2,07 and no changes were observed in the normal function of the organ. The NKA activity of fishes submitted to both tests presented a medium increase, however it was not significant. Fishes presented a decrease of total number of erythrocytes (RBC) in relation to control, however, hemoglobin concentration, mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) increased significantly on fishes submitted to glyphosate exposure in relation to control (p<0,05). The antioxidant enzyme activity of fishes submitted to chronic toxicity test showed a decrease in the specific activity of liver superoxide dismutase and catalase and there was no change in the activity of liver glutathione peroxidase. An increase in the liver lipidic peroxidation was observed after glyphosate exposure. The specific activity of acetylcholinesterase decreased in the brain, but not in the muscle. It was not observed changes in plasma ions concentration. In conclusion, the results of this study shows toxicity of the glyphosate, in the Roundup® Ready formulation, to P. mesopotamicus, which alterations in the animal can compromise the process of detoxification and tissue repair, which may lead the animal to death.
Degradação eletrooxidativa e biológica de corantes em meios aquosos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-04-01) Aquino, José Mario de; Rocha Filho, Romeu Cardozo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5200717413563550; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8847710280926769
The electrochemical degradation of the Reactive Red 141, Acid Blue 62 (AB 62), Direct Black 22, and Disperse Orange 29 dyes in a 0.1 M Na2SO4 solution with and without NaCl addition was investigated with Ti-Pt/β-PbO2 and Si/DDB anodes, using a filter-press reactor, and assessed by the experimental design methodology (investigated variables: current density, pH, NaCl concentration, and temperature). Color removal occurred more efficiently in acidic solutions, in the presence of NaCl, whereas COD removal occurred more efficiently in neutral to basic solutions. The addition of NaCl, with the consequent electrogeneration of active chlorine, significantly improved color and COD removal, demanding low charges per unit volume of solution (Qap) treated by indirect oxidation. Hydroxyl or chloro radicals mediated the organic load mineralization, on the anode surface, requiring similar operational conditions for all investigated dyes, with high Qap values. In spite of the higher levels of oxidation and mineralization attained using the Si/DDB anode, the Ti- Pt/β-PbO2 anode could be an interesting option for the decolorization of dyes. Next, the electrooxidation of a real textile effluent was investigated using Nb/DDB and Ti- Pt/β-PbO2 anodes. As a consequence of its high oxidation power, the Nb/DDB anode was more effective in the removal of color and COD than the Ti-Pt/β-PbO2 anode, with higher current efficiencies and low energy consumption (~ 30 kW h m 3). However, detachment and deactivation of the BDD film was observed in some electrolysis conditions. Additionally, the coupling between the biologic method (BM, with swine sludge) and the electrochemical one (EM, using the Ti-Pt/β-PbO2 anode) was investigated for the degradation of dyes, with results depending on the type of dye used. In the BM, the azo dyes only underwent biotransformation, probably yielding aromatic amines. The afterward EM removal of these compounds was difficult; hence, in this case it is better to use EM directly. The AB 62 anthraquinonic dye proved to be highly degradable and, thus, could be degraded using only BM. Prior electrooxidaction of dye solutions followed by coupling with BM resulted in microorganism inhibition, probably due to the electrogenerated oxidants. Finally, the results from the investigation of reaction intermediates for the AB 62 dye suggest that their amount and nature depend on the solution pH as well as on the electrode material used in the electrolysis. On the other hand, the electrogeneration of organochloride compounds is more efficiently avoided in basic solutions.