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Efeitos de variáveis físicas e químicas na decomposição de recursos vegetais terrestres alagados em reservatórios
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-06-08) Fonseca, Andre Luiz dos Santos; Bianchini Júnior, Irineu; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0659731944736389; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5720488614645466
Reservoirs provide many benefits (e.g. recreation, water supply, electricity production) to human populations. However, the damming of a water body changes the characteristics from lotic to lentic environment. These changes affect the physical, chemical and biological ecosystem, such as the current velocity, the ecosystem depth, the light penetration, the amount of decomposed biomass, the oxygen consumption. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of physical and chemical variables (detritus quality, aerobic and anaerobic condition, current velocity and hydrostatic pressure) on the decomposition of terrestrial plant resources (leaves, branches and litter) that remain in the flooded area during the formation of the reservoirs. The results showed that: i) labile compounds of leaf litter consumed more dissolved oxygen in the initial stage of decomposition, according to their greater fragility and DOC amount. In addition, the accumulated dissolved oxygen consumption showed two phases during decomposition of debris, indicating that the composition of DOC was heterogeneous, ii) the mass loss of debris was greater in aerobic than in anaerobic condition; iii) the water velocity increased the mass loss of leaf and branches detritus due their abrasive effect. The mass loss was higher in leaf debris, according to their major fragility and higher surface area and volume ratio, iv) the hydrostatic pressure (equivalent to 30 and 100 m depth) did not influence the decomposition of leaves and branches detritus; v) the detritus quality was a factor that determined the action of environmental variables studied (dissolved oxygen availability and current velocity) on the detritus decomposition process.
Melhoria do cetano em óleo diesel : abertura do ciclo da decalina sobre catalisadores de Pt, Ir ou Rh suportados em zeólitas FAU e BEA
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-06-08) Monteiro, Carlos Alberto de Araujo; Cardoso, Dilson; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2462847535959232; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5005955980758994
Environmental laws and stricter quality specifications have driven the development of technologies for improving the cetane number in diesel fuel. In addition to the saturation of (poly)aromatic compounds, responsible for limited gains, ring opening of at least one ring of (poly)cycloalkane, without loss of yield by cracking, is a promising strategy to maximize this property. Numerous studies have demonstrated the significant performance of Pt, Rh and Ir supported on zeolites for naphthenic ring opening in the hydroconversion of model compounds (naphthalene, tetralin and decalin). This study aimed to systematically assess the role of acid and hydrogenating functions for hydroconversion of decalin. It was also evaluated the effect of activation conditions (calcination and reduction), type of zeolite (Faujasite, FAU, or Beta, BEA), the content and type of metal (Pt, Ir or Rh). The influence of Pt-Ir and Pt-Rh bimetallic systems, as well as the inhibition by H2S, were studied in terms of the performance of these catalysts. For the catalytic precursors prepared, better activity and selectivity to ringopening products were obtained from calcination at 573 K and reduction at 713 K. This performance was consistent with a more homogeneous distribution of metallic particles on the support, and thus greater dispersion of the metallic phase. The reaction steps of ring contraction, ring opening and cracking were consecutive for the hydroconversion of decalin. It is noteworthy that the catalytic systems studied, under the operating conditions employed, yielded up to 45 mol% ring opening products and less than 15 mol% cracking products, at decalin conversions as high as 90 %. The Pt/BEA catalyst presented the best performance, thiotolerance (lower production of cracking products) and thioresistence (selectivity recovery after removal of H2S), followed by the Pt-It/BEA and Ir/BEA catalysts. This study allowed to highlight some peculiarities of the hydroconversion of decalin on noble metal/zeolite catalysts. Although decalin is a saturated molecule, his naphthenic character and probably the presence of a tertiary carbon in its structure, facilitates activation of the molecule directly on the strong acid sites of zeolite, even at relatively moderate temperatures. Thus, it is not necessary to form an olefin on a metal site and undergo subsequent protonation, as in a classical bifunctional mechanism, such as in hydroisomerization and hydrocracking of n-paraffins. However, the hydrogenation component of the catalyst influences the selectivity of the reaction, controlling the process of desorption/adsorption of any intermediate olefins formed. Greater hydrogenation activity implies lower availability of adsorbed carbocations that can be converted to cracking products. This proposition is consistent with the results obtained by varying the type and content of metal, support acidity and poisoning of the hydrogenation sites in the catalysts.