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Valoração ecológica de áreas de preservação permanente
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-07-15) Roncon, Thiago Junqueira; Beskow, Paulo Roberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5370208348544496; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7289768261975904
This dissertation uses Emergy Accounting tool, Ecosystem Functional Evaluation and System Ecology approaches to estimate the economic value of Permanent Preservation Areas in São Paulo State, Brazil. Economic values related to natural goods, environmental services and environmental damage were assessed for five case studies located on Serra da Mantiqueira region, which is characterized by semideciduous natural vegetation. This study considered different time period for natural secondary succession: 0, 7, 25, 75 and 200 years. The following natural goods were taking into account for economic valuation: (1) Carbon stock; (2) Decomposers; (3) Nutrients and edaphic structure; (4) Soils and rhizosphere structure; (5) Clay. The economic value in Emdollars (EmUS$) of environmental goods reached 1,180 EmUS$/ha for 0 years time period, 12,922 EmUS$/ha for 7 years, 51,615 EmUS$/ha for 25 years, 182,711 EmUS$/ha for 75 years and 651,520 EmUS$/ha for 200 years. The following environmental services were taking into account for economic valuation: (1) Carbon sequestration and atmosphere chemical composition regulation; (2) Supply of water and soluble minerals to the rivers; (3) Aquifers recharge; (4) Water infiltration; (5 ) Climate regulation; (6) Supplier of food for wild fauna and flora of surrounding ecosystems; (7) Bees pollination, biological control of diseases, increased soil fertility and vegetation productivity of natural ecosystem. The economic value in EmReais (EmR$) of environmental services on natural ecosystem reached 2,181 EmR$/ha.yr for 0 years time period, 4,162 EmR$/ha.yr for 7 years, 4,587 EmR$/ha.yr for 25 years, 4,993 EmR$/ha.yr for 75 years and 4,814 EmR$/ha.yr for 200 years. The x economic value of natural internal areas maintenance were also accounted for: (1) Protection and/or soil formation and soil erosion control; (2) Soil nutrient cycling. These internal services reached 1,257 EmUS$/ha.yr for 0 years, 2,073 EmUS$/ha.yr for 7 years, 2,581 EmUS$/ha.yr for 25 years, 2,984 EmUS$/ha.yr for 75 years and 4,478 EmUS$/ha.yr for 200 years. Finally, the environmental damage identified and evaluated were: (1) Soil erosion processes; (2) Loss of soil structure and edaphic nutrients. Their economic values were 31,832 EmR$/ha.yr for 0 years and 0.0 EmUS$/ha.yr for all other years. All values obtained showed an upward trend according to age of natural secondary succession. Moreover to estimate economic values for environmental services, natural goods and environmental damages, this work shows that the farm s owners whose have natural preserved areas are directly beneficed, as well as society. The indicators obtained in this work highlight the importance of preserved areas with natural vegetation whose economic values should be considered by decision makers for public policies elaboration.
Estudo da dinâmica da solução do solo para o manejo da fertirrigação por gotejamento na cultura do pimentão
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-07-15) Santoro, Bruno de Lima; Souza, Claudinei Fonseca; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4858219292242433
Among various systems, the drip irrigation has been increasingly used, mainly because of its greater efficiency in water use. This work aimed to study the dynamics of soil solution, characterizing the distribution and storage of nutrients in the soil solution, and their absorption by pepper through the management of drip fertigation with two flows rates. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse located in the Department of Agricultural Science, Unitau. The soil of study is an Oxisol Yellow, medium texture. The crop cycle lasted 120 days. From the readings of TDR probes were possible to estimate water content and soil solution concentration. Thus, the distribution of soil solution was monitored and counted in layers of 0,1m to 0,6 m. The evaluation of root system showed that the treatment of 4 L h-1 had an area of 69,31 cm2, while the treatment of 2 L h-1 had an area of 45,21 cm2. The productivity was 0,19 kg m-2 and 0,27 kg m-2 for 2 Lh-1 and 4 L h-1, respectively, what reinforces the results of nutrients distribution and root system development. It was found that for treatment with the flow rate of 2 L h-1 there was a trend of nutrient loss by percolation, increasing possible contamination of groundwater. The dripper with a flow rate of 4 L h-1 was more efficient at distributing and storing water and nutrients in a soil profile, which improved crop yield.
Efeito da modulação laser de baixa intensidade na regeneração de tendões de ratos jovens e adultos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-07-15) Taciro, Charles; Parizotto, Nivaldo Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5527703735628408; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8381515141542572
Aging is an important factor related to the predisposition to tendon degeneration, pathological and delayed tissue repair. Several physical therapy modalities are used to promote acceleration and improvement of tendon healing, among them the low-level laser therapy (LLLT), but the real effects of this therapy associated with the development and aging effects are not yet known. The present study evaluated the effects of LLLT, applied on the calcanear tendon repair after total tenotomy on calcaneal tendon of rats in two different ages. Young rats (4 weeks old, n = 56, body mass = 111.3 8.3g), randomly divided into 4 subgroups containing 14 animals: J3J (3J/cm2, 8.5mJ/session, 5.0seg/session), J10J (10J/cm2, 28.3mJ/session, 15seg/session), placebo - JPL (0J/cm2), control - JCL (no treatment) and an adult group (27 weeks old, n = 56, body mass = 385.4 34.3g), randomly divided into 4 subgroups: A3J (3J/cm2, 8.5mJ/session, 5.0seg/session), A10J (10J/cm2, 28.3mJ/session, 15seg/session), placebo - APL (0J/cm2) control - ACL (no treatment). LLLT (685nm, 5.4W/cm2) was applied in 12 sessions, once a day, at a single point on the injury site. On the 13th postoperative day, the animals were euthanized and their tendons were removed. The tendon collagen organization was analyzed by polarization microscopy. The metalloproteinases activity (MMP-2 and MMP-1) was analyzed by zymography, nitric oxide (NO) production was analyzed by Griess method and the concentration of interleukin-1beta (IL-1 ) and interleukin-10 (IL- 10) by ELISA method. The data analysis showed significant (p <0.05) tissue response to LLLT, both age-dependent and dose-dependent, and the results showed major changes to the adult group at 3J/cm2 when compared to other subgroups in the evaluation of IL-1, IL-10 and birefringence, which we can see a potentially inhibitory and stimulatory window.
Desenvolvimento de eletrodos modificados com polímeros condutores e nanotubos de carbono e aplicação na determinação de analitos de interesse farmacêutico em amostras biológicas e em fármacos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011-07-15) Troiani, Estela de Pieri; Faria, Ronaldo Censi; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8659496864305621; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9076749540281154
In this work is reported the studies carried out modified electrodes with poly(1-aminoanthracene) (PAA) and poly(1-aminoanthraquinone) (PAAQ), and composite films from a mixture of polymers with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These electrodes were used for determination of dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) in synthetic and real biological samples; in addition, we performed the determination of norepinephrine (NE) and hydroquinone (HQ) in pharmaceutical samples. In this context, was evaluated the influence of a cathodic pretreatment applied to the modified electrodes by verifying a change in electrochemical properties of the films so that after pretreatment of the PAA electrode showed electrocatalytic response to DA while the PAAQ electrode showed a significant increase in DA response. In this work, PAA and PAAQ films were electropolymerized on platinum electrodes, and their surfaces were characterized by microscopic techniques. PAA film showed DA response only after the cathodic pretreatment, which consisted of applying a potential of −0.7 V for 3 s prior to voltammetric measurements. It was found that the union of CNT, PAA and cathodic pretreatment provided a positive synergy, resolving the overlapping oxidation peaks of DA, AA and UA in three well defined peaks. For the PAAQ film, simultaneous responses of AA, DA and UA, with well-defined oxidation peaks was obtained after application of pretreatment, not requiring the incorporation of CNTs in polymer matrix. Using differential voltammetry, analytical curve for AA, DA and UA were constructed with the composite electrode PAACNT showed detection limits of 39.5, 0.29 e 42.2 μmol L−1, respectively. To the cathodically pretreated PAAQ electrode, detection limits obtained were 25.0, 3.05, e 11.5 μmol L−1 for AA, DA and UA, respectively. xxvi Addition of the CNTs in PAAQ film provided a small increase in DA detection limit in the ternary mixture AA, DA and UA, with a value of 3.23 μmol L−1. Following a procedure was developed for NE analysis, using the square wave voltammetry technique (SWV) and using modified PAA electrode. The analytical curve was linear over the NE concentration range between 2.18 99.6 μmol L−1, with a detection limit of 0.58 μmol L−1. Finally, a procedure was developed for the HQ determination using the modified PAAQ electrode and SWV technique. Under optimized experimental conditions, analytical curve was constructed, the HQ concentration obtained range between 2.97 25.5×10−5 mol L−1 and detection limit equal 2.11 μmol L−1. The proposed methods were applied in biological and pharmaceutical samples, obtaining satisfactory results.