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Efeitos da abolição da bradicardia reflexa nas respostas cardiorrespiratórias de tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818), em hipóxia severa: vagotomia versus inibição farmacológica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-06-14) Sunti, Daniele Martinez de; Rantin, Francisco Tadeu; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3546242299713690; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1747812481762015
Hypoxic bradycardia is a reflex response to hypoxia observed in most fish species studied so far. This reflex is initiated by the stimulation of O2 chemoreceptors and induced by an increase in the inhibitory vagal tonus. Despite of being well described and characterized, the hypothesis that hypoxic bradycardia improves the O2 transference from the ventilatory water to the gills still remain to be proved. The utilization of different methods to inhibit hypoxic bradycardia (vagotomy and atropinization) may have contributed to generate different cardiorespiratory responses, making this issue even more controversial. In this study the cardiorespiratory variables (heart frequency fH, metabolic rate - VO2 , O2 extraction from the ventilatory current EO2, gill ventilation - VG , breathing frequency fR, and ventilatory requirement - VG / VO2 ) were measured in the tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, under normoxia and after 40 min of exposure to severe hypoxia (20 mmHg) and the 3 subsequent hours of recovery. Each fish was subjected to this protocol before (Control group), after atropine administration (A group) and after vagotomy (V group). Under hypoxia the fish of control group displayed the characteristic hypoxic bradycardia (reduction of 56% in fH) with hyperventilation (increases of 96% in fR and 650% in VG ). This hyperventilation was probably responsible by the decrease in EO2 (65%) and, consequently, in the VO2 (62%), resulting in an increase of 1800% in the VG / VO2 . The beginning of the recovery period was characterized by an elevated VO2 (~200% above the normoxic values) accompanied by tachycardia (50.6 bpm) and gradual recovery of EO2, fR, VT and VG . Atropine and vagotomy elevated the fH in normoxia (from 32.0 ± 1.7 to 77.8 ± 4.1 and 80.6 ± 5.8 bpm), indicating a high basal vagal tone. In these two groups the fH remained constant during the experimental time course. This evidenced that the post-hypoxia tachycardia probably occurred as a consequence of a reduction in the cholinergic tonus. The groups control, atropinized and vagotomized did not show significant differences in EO2, VO2 and the other respiratory variables analyzed in any protocol. This results point out that hypoxic bradycardia does not improve the O2 transference to the gills, independently of the method employed to abolish the bradycardic reflex. Therefore, other hypotheses on the hypoxic bradycardia must be investigated in this species.
SNPs no gene da HSC70 e suas implicações na carcinicultura e conservação dos estoques de camarão-da-amazônia (Macrobrachium amazonicum)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-06-14) Blanck, Danielly Veloso; Galetti Júnior, Pedro Manoel; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4060033502460829
Macrobrachium amazonicum is an endemic species in South America, which has been exploited by artisanal fisheries in northern and northeastern Brazil. The overexploitation of this species has led to the decline of its natural stocks. This scenario affects the riverine communities and the genetic status of populations of this crustacean. In this context, the aquaculture emerges as a sustainable alternative to soften this impact over the natural stocks. A molecular view of adaptations and modifications in response to environmental variables is important for understanding the biology, distribution and capacity of this crustacean to adapt to different conditions and geographic regions, either in its natural habitat or in captivity. Considering these aspects, SNPs markers within fitness-related candidate gene emerge as promising tools for selection and detection of genetic structure in natural populations and to verify their correlation with complex traits of interest in farming. In this study, the aim was to investigate SNPs in the HSC70 (70-kilodalton Heat Shock Cognate) gene under two approaches: (1) the prospection and association of SNPs to growth traits in a captive population of M. amazonicum (CAUNESP); and (2) the SNPs prospection, characterization of the variability and genetic structure of two wild stocks of M. amazonicum (Tocantins and Paracauari rivers, both in Para state). To the firsty study, were carried out an experimental performance of these prawns, undergone to two stocking densities (normal and intensification conditions). Growth traits (total and abdominal length, and total abdominal and hepathopancreas weight) and sex were determined during the harvesting. The SNPs effects on these phenotypic variables were tested in a mixed model conducted by the Proc Mixed of the SAS program. Twelve SNPs were identified. Among them, only two SNPs (C256T and T907C) and two haplotypes (H7 and H10) presented effects of interest. These effects comprised several traits, including density and population class interactions. The most important effects were found in the normal density of the farming and on females. SNPs effects were not detected in high stocking density treatment. xix So, this fact excludes the possibility of using this information to the farming intensification of M. amazonicum. However, these results consist of relevant information for the development of high performing culture lines of M. amazonicum by Marker Assisted Selection. The SNPs effects on females may indicate the involvement of the HSC70 gene in the reproductive development of the species. In the second study, 13 SNPs were characterized in the Tocantins river population and six SNPs in the Paracauari river population. No significant deviation from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium was found. However, linkage disequilibrium was detected among some pairs of SNP loci. Both stocks showed high haplotype diversity. The haplotype diversity was 0.712 and 0.596 for the Tocantins and Paracauari river populations, respectively. These values were significantly different between the populations (P ≤ 0.05). AMOVA indicated that almost all variability occurs within the populations and these stocks are not genetically differentiated (FST = -0,00048). Apparently, if based on the diversity and the absence of genetic structure information, the anthropic action has not caused drastic effects on the genetic status of these two populations of M. amazonicum. These results prove that SNP markers within HSC70 gene are useful in establishing strategies for managing breeding programs as well as programs for the conservation of the species focus of this study.
Efeitos do laser terapêutico de baixa intensidade e do treinamento resistido no metabolismo ósseo em ratos com diabetes mellitus tipo I
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-06-14) Silva, Tatiane Lopes Patrocinio da; Parizotto, Nivaldo Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5527703735628408; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6252547091250301
The DM is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the secretion or action of insulin, leading to a series of physiological changes that determine changes in normal operation of various organs and tissues, among which bone tissue is affected, leading to bone fragility. In this context, several treatments have been shown to accelerate bone metabolism. The Resistance Exercise (ER) is highly recommended for diabetics and among its beneficial effects promotes increased bone mineral density. The low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is able to stimulate the activity of osteoblasts, as well as increase the biomechanical properties of bone. However, its effects on bone metabolism in diabetic animals are not completely understood, and its action associated with the ER. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the action of a protocol and resistance exercises LLLT applied individually or in combination on bone metabolism in diabetic rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups (N = 10): non-diabetic control group (CG), diabetic control (GD), diabetic group irradiated with laser (GL), trained diabetic group (TG) and trained group laser and diabetic (GTL). In the first study we evaluated the effects of LLLT on bone diabetic in three groups: GC, GD and GL. The GL was subjected to laser irradiation Ga-Al-As, 808 nm, 100 mW, 3.57 W/cm2, 0.028 cm2, 120J/cm2, 33s, for 18 sessions, on alternate days for 6 weeks. As the GL results showed increased cortical area and RUNX-2 immunoreactivity increased compared to GD. Furthermore, LLLT produced a significant increase in the strength of fracture, and bone mineral density (BMD and BMC), compared with DG. Therefore LLLT stimulated bone formation, reducing osteopenia animals. The second study evaluated the effects associated with ER LLLT in diabetic animals from group 4: GC, GD, GT and GTL. The ER consisted of climbing, load tied to the tail of the animal, and these loads were increased weekly throughout the training sessions, the GTL at the end of each session ER animals were irradiated with laser Ga-Al-As. Performed 6 weeks, 3 times per week, totaling 18 sessions. The GT and GTL showed increased cortical area, BMD and biomechanical properties. The BMC, fracture strength and stiffness were higher in GTL over the GT. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis showed that GT and GTL immunoassayed for RUNX-2 increased relative to GD. Already RANK-L immunoreactivity was moderated at GD and week on the others experimental groups. In conclusion, resistance exercise promoted osteoblast activation, with the increase in the biomechanical properties and BMD. The combination of exercise and LLLT, promoted the osteogenic potential additional effect of ER performed alone. Consequently, these data highlight the potential of exercise in the treatment of bone loss due to DM. Further studies should be conducted to provide additional information on the effects of LLLT as adjuvant therapy resistance exercise.
Análise da escalabilidade de aplicações em computadores multicore
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-06-14) Silva, Samuel Reghim; Guardia, Hélio Crestana; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1780902767520967; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1122152115751075
Multicore processors allow applications to explore thread-level parallelism in order to enable improvements on the elapsed time. The sharing of the memory subsystem and the discrepancy between the speeds of processors and memory access operations, however, may entail limitations to the scalability caused by thread competition for the resources. The automatic determination of the appropriate number of threads for an application that ensure efficient executions, although widely desired, is a non-trivial problem. This work aimed to evaluate the factors limiting the scalability of OpenMP parallel applications related to the contention for shared resources in multicore processors, with the goal of identifying the characteristics of applications that limit their scalability. It was found that memory accesses are a major limitation to the performance gains with parallelism. The granularity, indicating the ratio of memory accesses to processing, has been verified as being an important performance factor of parallel executions. Estimates of granularity can be obtained from the applications' source code. Different data access modes, however, point to the need to estimate the combination of granularity with information about the data access locality to properly determine the scalability of applications.
Estudo comparativo de duas metodologias na definição de unidades geoambientais : Ribeirão do Feijão (São Carlos-SP)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-06-14) Failache, Moisés Furtado; Röhm, Sergio Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7332654261230826; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2670582615822910
The geoenvironmental zoning is considered a inter and multidisciplinary planning instrument of an area, municipality or region, based on the components of the physical environment. Its goal is to support public policies seeking to reconcile economic development and environmental quality. The Ribeirão do Feijão Watershed is located almost entirely in São Carlos-SP, is an area of great interest because is the main source of surface water supply of this city and more than 70% belongs to the recharge area of Botucatu Aquifer. In this perspective, this work aimed to elaborate a two geoenvironmental zoning through two different methodologies (CENDRERO et al, 1990; ZUQUETTE et al. 1993). The methodology includes thematic maps in 1:50.000 scale aided by GIS (Geographic Information Systems), remote sensing, field and laboratorial works. The intermediate result of this research was the development of 12 basics maps (documentation, unconsolidated materials, bedrock, slope, landforms, pedology, use and occupation, erosive evidence, relief, legal restrictions, surface water and CEMPAS) and 5 derived maps (erosion susceptibility, agricultural suitability, slope stability, aquifer vulnerability and quality for preservation).The final results corresponded a synthetic geoenvironmental zoning (Cendrero, et al., 1990), which showed 29 geoenvironmental units and two analytical geoenvironmental zoning that were based on water dynamics (Zoning of the Water Accumulation Potential Areas and Zoning of Potential Infiltration Areas). The Analytical Zoning presented 4 geoenvironmental units, and was more restrictive in defining their units, however the synthetic approach enabled a more comprehensive understanding of the weaknesses and potential of the Ribeirão do Feijão Watershed.
Potencialidades socioambientais das áreas de preservação permanente em fundos de vales urbanos: proposição de método expedito de análise
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-06-14) Pavezzi Netto, Milton; Silva, Ricardo Siloto da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5346985934880710; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4893922043783651
Guided by the questions about the effectiveness of strategies for environmental protection in cities, this research was aimed at structuring a fast method to analyze the social and environmental potential of PPAs in urban valley bottoms able to provide information to support the recovery and/or maintenance of the environmental quality of these areas in compatibility with existing social dynamics in the built space For structuring method, physical variables and criteria involved in the environmental quality of valley bottoms and representative forms of human occupation at these sites were raised. Based on these variables, we designed a scoring system that indicates the level of compliance with environmental functions of PPAs in urban valley bottoms and indicates the favorable and unfavorable conditions to fulfill these functions. The method was applied in two urban sources in the city of São Carlos, with distinct characteristics and land use in the buffer corresponding to the PPA. in the context of urban planning, the results of the application shows that the method has potential both to provide information that supports immediate or short-term decisions as to guide the application of other diagnostic decisions in the medium and long term.
Nanomateriais organofuncionalizados e suas aplicações em catálise: associando as vantagens da catálise homogênea com as da heterogênea
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-06-14) Inforzato, Tatiane; Santos, Alcindo Aparecido dos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9005233120921421; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5381102477118589
We have immobilized proline, like prolinamide, by using flash chromatography with commercial grade silica and magnetite nanoparticles that were synthesized in our lab. The degree of functionalization has been determined by the nitrogen content from the data collected from elemental analysis of the particles. The organofunctionalization of the silica surface and the structure have been confirmed by 13C CP-TOS NMR and 29Si-NMR CPMAS solid state analysis. The confirmation of the catalyst-supported structure on functionalized magnetite can be correlated to the data obtained from the silica, since methodology was the same. The materials Pro-SiO2 and Fe3O4 @ SiO2-Pro were used in catalysis for the Michael reaction. The catalysts have been tested in several conditions: solvents, additive, reaction time and determined the minimum amount of catalyst needed to optimize reaction conditions. It was observed that the catalysis is best conducted without a solvent or in saturated NaCl solution and in the presence of additive, such as benzoic acid or acetic acid. The recyclability for both materials was satisfactory and no significant losses were observed after five cycles. The best results were obtained for propanone and cyclohexanone as a Michael donor and nitrostyrene as a Michael receptor with excellent yields and diastereoselectivity (in the case of cyclohexanone). Enantiomeric excess obtained for these reactions were too low to be observed proving the structural efficiency of the catalytic process.
Chuva de sementes sob árvores isoladas em pastagens próximas a fragmentos florestais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-06-14) Carreira, Daiane Cristina; Penha, Alessandra dos Santos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9799774247477252; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7398546621372702
The semideciduous seasonal forests in the state of São Paulo are highly fragmented due to the history of intensive human interventions in the landscape, especially agricultural activities. In this context, we selected the Basin Corumbataí (BHRC), São Paulo (22 ° 04'46 "and 22 ° 41'28" S, 47 ° 26'23 "and 47 ° 56'15'' W) to understand the role of native trees isolated in pastures consolidated in maintaining connectivity between forest fragments near. So we had a goal, answer the following questions: i) Isolation of native trees in pastures, determined by distance, proximity index, fragment size and forest cover (within a radius of 900 m from the isolated tree), as well as characteristics of isolated trees, height and crown area, can determine the abundance and richness of seeds derived from the seed rain under isolated trees? ii) The richness and abundance of seeds produced from the seed rain is greater under native trees isolated in pastures than inside fragments of semideciduous forests adjacent to pastures of BHRC? We installed 36 seed collectors with an area of 1.5 m2: 18 of them within three fragments, and the other 18 under isolated trees in pastures. We collected fortnightly for six months. We recognize, identify and categorize the seeds on the type of dispersal and seed size sampled. To answer the first question, we tested whether differences in the abundance and species richness could be determined by isolation and structural characteristics (height and crown area) of native trees in the pastures of BHRC regarding forest fragments. Conducted multiple regression analyzes using generalized linear models. To reply the second question, we performed an analysis of covariance to compare the richness and mean abundance of seeds among isolated trees and inside the fragments. We use the sort method of Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) to ascertain the similarity in species composition in the two environments; use the rank-abundance curve to analyze evenness in the distribution of species in both environments. Regarding isolated trees in pastures, we found that those with higher canopy cover and closer to forest fragments exhibit greater abundance of animal dispersed seeds, especially when considering the seeds zoochoric "small" (<3 mm), whose abundances were higher in trees with greater canopy cover, closer to forest fragments and in areas with high forest cover. Plenty of seeds > 3 mm, anemochoric or autochorous as well as the wealth of animal dispersed anemochoric or autochorous, no significant differences in relation to the isolation of the trees. Comparing seed rain under trees and isolated within the forest fragments, found that forest fragments are richest and most abundant species arising from the rain, but the difference was expressed only in relations: total species richness anemochoric, being clearer results for the seeds between 3.0 mm and 10 mm and larger than 10 mm; abundance anemochoric of between 3.0 mm and 10 mm and the total wealth of animal dispersed, especially those smaller than 3.0 mm. NMDS analyzes revealed that most of the samples (both trees as isolated forest fragments) share the same species. Through rank-abundance curve, we found that the evenness in the abundance of species collected is distributed differently (p = 0.03) and between individual trees within the forest fragments, being more equitable within the fragments, in addition, more species were found in the interior of the fragments under isolated trees. Isolated trees in pastures can serve as recruitment points of seeds and plants and potentially contribute to maintaining the flow of propagules, acting as connectors between forest fragments scattered across the landscape. Nevertheless, the retention and conservation of forest fragments dispersed in agricultural matrices can contribute to the maintenance of seed rain, given the composition and structure of species present.