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Exploração do conceito de multiplicação de matrizes através de tecnologias digitais: sites e softwares educativos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-23) Chereguini, Ana Ligia Costa; Soares, Márcio de Jesus; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3273672989988386; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8225281244793405
The present study lies in the learning context where there is an alleged disinterest and difficulties of students when presenting the contents of arrays. From the contents above, the study aimed to describe the instructional sequence that aimed to provide an understanding of the Matrices content by students of 2nd year of secondary education, focusing on the use of technology as an ally in solving problems. In the first and second stage of the development of this instructional sequence it was detected through examples and exercises, that some students presented themselves unmotivated in face of difficulties regarding the resolution of problems involving content prerequisites matrices, such as handling of negative numbers in mathematical operations. From this preliminary assessment, attention was given to resume the content identified as deficient and concomitant and emphatically it was made use and application of educational software for teaching arrays. At the end of the five moments involving this instructional sequence, which occurred over twelve lessons, it was possible to arouse the curiosity of students and propitiate them to understand the content of matrices and hence promote greater involvement with the subject of Mathematics. Throughout the study presents considerations on the various difficulties encountered during the development of this work in order to teach the concept of matrix multiplication.
Introdução ao estudo da álgebra no ensino fundamental
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-23) Pinheiro, Patricia Aparecida; Barbosa, Grazielle Feliciani; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5368292206467565
This study is based on considerations regarding the teaching and learning of algebra in its introductory phase with seventh graders and eighth year of elementary school, having as final product an instructional sequence with the objective of introducing algebraic thinking more effectively. At first, there is a discussion of issues related to the introduction to the study of algebra, such as the difficulties and mistakes that students have upon the lights of the thoughts of various authors and researchers in Mathematics Education. It also provides general guidelines for teaching this subject according to official documents (Brazilian Curricular Parameters and Curricular Proposal of the State of São Paulo). Moreover, it contains a proposed instructional sequence that aims to introduce algebraic thinking effectively, bringing even discussions about the chosen methodologies. The second phase deals with the application of this sequence into two classes of eighth year of a public school from the state of São Paulo. Finally, we expose our impressions, the student outcomes and also suggestions in order to the sequence can be used and improved by other teachers.
Avaliação de habilidades pré-aritméticas e ensino de adição e subtração para crianças: contribuições da análise do comportamento
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-23) Gualberto, Priscila Mara de Araújo; Carmo, João dos Santos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1263046410329694
The purposes of this study were propose: a pre-math skills evaluation tool for map the students repertoire of the early years of elementary school and analyze the complexity of relations of the tool; and an evaluation and teach program of addition and subtraction skills based on equivalence paradigm, describing method, results and behavior analysis on a speech that could foment the intercommunication with professionals other areas, mainly Math Education. Twelve children of the second at fifth years of elementary school participated of the test of the pre-math skills evaluation tool, all of at a public school by Porto Ferreira/SP. The procedure was compound by twelve MTS and CRMTS tasks that tested these relations: discriminations of numerals, number s names and sets; numerals and number s names naming and quantifying of sets; crescent/decrescent ordering of numerals and sets; before/after relations with numerals and sets; major/minor relations with and without sample; more/less relations with and without sample; equality between numerals and sets; relations numeral-set, set-numeral, name-numeral, numeral-name, name-set and set-name; estimate between numerals and sets; sequences completion with sets and numerals. The results demonstrated the tool s viability for identify on the students repertoire gaps that would interfere in later learning, such as addition/subtraction concepts, and allowed us accomplish a behavior analysis of the component skills. Continuing, nine of the same participants were exposed to the MTS procedure that have composed the evaluation and teach program of addition and subtraction skills, grounded on the equivalence paradigm. The program was organized into three units according to difficulty levels, having the unit 1 values from one to ten, the unit 2 values from ten to twenty and the unit 3 values above twenty. The arithmetic operations were composed by stimuli printed numerals, sets and mathematical signs and the relations between them. Eight participants completed the unit 1 and four of these the unit 2 partially and yet two participants concluded the three teach units. The analysis of the results allowed us verify that the subtraction operations were more difficult for some participants, causing greater errors number, and the operations that had the operation s result as sample stimulus showed have been more complex for some them. The evaluation and teach program of addition and subtraction skills made possible the development of a behavioral analysis of these arithmetic operations and the identification of several relevant issues for future studies, such as the role of the signal mathematic in the formation of equivalence classes, the use of strategies on problem solving, the inverse relation between the addition and subtraction operations, the interrelation between the pre-math skills and arithmetic skills, among others.
Codificando o alfabeto por meio do sistema de numeração binário
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-23) Almeida, Meire Aparecida de; Barbosa, Grazielle Feliciani; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5368292206467565; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2011261746875943
The main objective of this work is to report a didactic experience with activities different of the commonly used in school activities. Stands out the importance of linking the mathematical content with the daily affairs of the students. By observing the students' disinterest in learning math, the many questions about where they could use the knowledge learned in school in their everyday life, and by observing the difficulty that students often have in understanding the formation of a numbering system, we designed a work exploring the binary numbering system. As it is very present in the technologies, which we no longer can avoid, and for being a structured system like all others, differing only by the base used, he became the focus of the study. The binary numbering system was introduced to the students through practical activities that aroused the curiosity of them about the possibility of writing numbers and letters using only the digits 0 and 1.
Estudos experimentais sobre relações derivadas e transferência do significado
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-23) Almeida, João Henrique de; Rose, Julio Cesar Coelho de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3386857761295187; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5650691726216420
Questions on how abstract symbols acquire meaning remain intriguing puzzles for behavioral and cognitive sciences. Recently, tow main approaches have been emphasized in the context of Behavior Analysis investigating these issues, the Stimulus Equivalence Paradigm and Relational Frame Theory. In this series of studies the main objective was to add data to discussion on this topic. In Study 1 it were investigated validity and accuracy of a Semantic Differential instrument which has been used to measure the transfer meanings equivalent stimuli. Factor analysis of the collected data provided indications of the validity of the instrument and the alpha coefficients obtained indicate that the two factors extracted in this analysis have acceptable levels of accuracy, although one of the factors must be revised. Study 2 described an experiment was conducted to evaluate the modification of meaning through reorganization of stimulus equivalence classes. Results showed the importance of delayed matching to sample in the transfer of functions to reorganized classes of equivalent stimuli. In Study 3, it was investigated the same phenomenon, the transfer functions, but in classes established primarily by reject control. The difficulty in establishing this type response pattern did not allowed clear inferences about the transfer with this specific type of control. Study 4 evaluated the transformation function using the IRAP. In the results we observed this phenomenon in both explicit and implicit measures. This set of studies allowed investigating different measures of transfer and transformation of functions, defined here as the study of meaning, and to observe important variables in this process especially the importance of establishing reliably relations between stimuli.
O gênero Phyllanthus L. (Phyllanthaceae) na região sudeste do Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-23) Martins, Erika Ramos; Lima, Letícia Ribes de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8514506711580427; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6977540571147995
The genus Phyllanthus L. is the largest and most diverse of the family Phyllanthaceae with about 830 species that are spread mainly throughout the tropics, of which 200 are in the neotropics. From 100 species occurring in Brazil, where the genre is richest in South America, 40% of them occur in the southern region of the country, where is located one of the centers of diversity of the genus. The great diversity, richness and taxonomy still little studied, even regarding the circumscription of their species, justifying this study. Thus, the main aim of this study was to survey and analyze morphological and taxonomic aspects of the genus in southern Brazil, contributing to the knowledge of Phyllanthus in the country as well to the Brazilian biodiversity. This study includes an identification key, descriptions and comments on the taxonomy, geographical distribution and illustrations of the species. In southeastern Brazil were found 37 species of the genus: Phyllanthus acuminatus Vahl., P. acutifolius Poir ex Spreng., P amarus Schumach., P. angustissimus Müll. Arg., P. arenicola Casar., P. augustinii Baill., P. avicularis Müll. Arg., P. caparaoensis G.L. Webster., P. caroliniensis Walter., P. choretroides Müll. Arg., P. cipoensis E.R. Martins & Cordeiro sp. nov. ined., P. cladotrichus Müll. Arg., P. dictyospermus Müll. Arg., P. fastigiatus Mart. ex Müll. Arg., P. gladiatus Müll. Arg., P. glaziovii Müll. Arg., P. heteradenius Müll.Arg., P. hypoleucus Müll. Arg., P. hyssopifolioides Kunth, P. itatiaiensis Brade., P. juglandifolius Willd., P. klotzschianus Müll. Arg., P. minutulus Müll. Arg., P. mocotensis G.L. Webster, P. niruri L., P. orbiculatus L.C. Rich., P. perpusillus Baill., P. pinifolius Baill., P. piranii G.L. Webster, P. riedelianus Müll. Arg., P. rosmarinifolius Müll. Arg., P. sellowianus (Klotzsch) Müll. Arg., P. stipulatus (Raf.) Webster, P. subemarginatus Müll. Arg., P. tenellus Roxb., P. umbratus Müll. Arg. and P. urinaria L.
A pedagogia da alternância no bacharelado em agronomia com ênfase em agroecologia e sistemas rurais sustentáveis (ProNERA/UFSCar): o campo e a universidade como territórios educativos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-23) Sardo, Paola Maia Lo; Figueiredo, Rodolfo Antônio de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0854609216769461; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9094701268158411
This dissertation aims to analyze the pedagogical model used in a Bachelor of Agronomy offered to settled of the agrarian reform program, namely the alternation between school and community moments. The difficulty of the condensed subjects in the school time seems to be offset by the importance of the community time that provides local knowledge, through observation, analysis, and reflection, joining theory and practice, being pointed by the students as one of the reasons of higher learning. On community time, the greatest difficulties were balancing work with study and the lack of contact with the teachers. Moreover, the study ultimately allows the involvement of family, community and even the institutions for their development.
Monitoramento e modelagem da recarga freática em técnica de drenagem compensatória
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-23) Sírio, Daniel de Lima Nascimento; Barbassa, Ademir Paceli; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2979012440240781; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6103283444830947
Stormwater flooding in urban centers today is the direct result of ground impermeabilization and the ineffective dimensioning of stormwater drainage systems. In order to control these events, innovative low impact stormwater drainage facilities are used in Brazil, which are efficient in controlling sharp peak flows in urban watersheds without, however, affecting the aesthetic appearance of the landscape in these environments. The purpose of this study is to model and estimate the volume of water infiltrated into the soil where a compensatory stormwater drainage system is inserted, which can contribute to groundwater recharge. Modeling was performed by means of a physical storage method and storage variation in soil using a tensiometer, and in digital form using the Hydrus 2D/3D software package. The monitored drainage system and the digitally designed system consist of a water retention basin, a ditch or filter, and an infiltration trench. Groundwater recharge was estimated based on soil analyses, geophysical investigations, flow measurements, and rainfall data, in addition to data collected during 454 days of continuous monitoring of the system by means of tensiometers installed on-site, rain gauges, and the construction of bimodal soil water retention curves using the filter paper method. The moisture content at different depths, the zero water flow plane, and the volumes moving in the soil matrix were calculated based on the identification of the soil water content and matric potential, the hydraulic conductivity in saturated conditions at the monitored depths, and the soil s characteristic curves. The results of the Soil Water Retention Curves (SWRC) and soil moisture content were negligible starting from a depth of 80cm. However, the groundwater recharge rate estimated by the tensiometer method and by the Hydrus digital model was about 45% of the total volume of rainfall.
A dimensão de uso da gramática (pragmalinguística) em um livro didático para ensino-aprendizagem de inglês como língua estrangeira
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-23) Andrade, Nathalie Messias de; Augusto-Navarro, Eliane Hercules; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5716027350340906; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0123767416373042
The aim of this work is to verify if and to what extent the pragmatic aspects of grammar (pragmalinguistics) are covered in some units of an English Language Teaching textbook used in Brazil. We also aim to delineate the role of grammar in this material and, based on the analyzed units, present reflections on the possibilities of contributing to the teaching-learning of pragmalinguistics. We consider the proposal of the material as we verify the activities according to theories that approach grammar as a skill (BATSTONE, 1994 and LARSEN-FREEMAN, 2003), pragmatics (KASPER and ROSE, 2001) and principled materials development (TOMLINSON, 2010, HARWOOD, 2010). It is observed that the present textbook does not approach pragmalinguistics. Instead, it focuses on grammar as product. Due to this factor, learners are not presented with opportunities to reflect upon language usage.
Mineração visual de imagens aliada a consultas pelos k-vizinhos diversos mais próximos: flexibilizando e maximizando o entendimento de consultas por conteúdo de imagens
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-23) Dias, Rafael Loosli; Ribeiro, Marcela Xavier; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0300141044144026; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6161385127027812
Content-Based Image Retrieval systems use visual information like color, shape and texture to represent images in feature vectors. The numerical representation found for the images is used in query execution through a metric to evaluate the distance between vectors. In general, there is an inconsistency in the evaluation of similarity between images according to human perception and the results computed by CBIR systems, which is called Semantic Gap. One way to overcome this problem is by the addition of a diversity factor in query execution, allowing the user to specify a degree of dissimilarity between the resulting images and changing the query result. Adding diversity in consultation, however, requires high computational cost and the reduction of possible subsets to be analyzed is a difficult task to be understood by the user. This masters degree thesis aims to make use of Visual Data Mining techniques applied to queries in CBIR systems, improving the interpretability of the measure of similarity and diversity, as well as the relevance of the result according to the judgment and prior knowledge of the user. The user takes an active role in the retrieval of images by their content, guiding its result and, consequently, reducing the Semantic Gap. Additionally, a better understanding of the diversity and similarity factors involved in the query is supported by visualization and interaction techniques.
Diagnóstico da estrutura da paisagem da estação ecológica de Avaré e seu entorno, como subsídio à sua conservação
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-23) Galetti, Gabriela; Valente, Roberta de Oliveira Averna; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1582627535733911; Piña-Rodrigues, Fátima Conceição Márquez; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5002307239259999; Assad, Maria Leonor Ribeiro Casimiro Lopes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0379324550884468
The process of agricultural expansion caused an increase in forest fragmentation and, consequently, it was responsible for the conversion of the forest into a mosaic with different land-cover patches and remnants of the original forest. In order to identify the distribution of the remnants in a 3 km-radius around the Estação Ecológica de Avaré - EEA, we produced a land-use/land-cover map of this landscape. Based in this map it was calculated the landscape metrics. The natural vegetation occupied 21.2% of the area and it was distributed in 59 patches in an agricultural matrix. The largest remnant has 587.68 ha. According the landscape metrics only 6,7% of the natural vegetation are larger than 50 ha and, consequently 93% of this remnants are small. The shapes of the forest remnants are predominantly irregular and lengthened because it was close to surface water and, consequently, in a buffer zone of the Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA), which occupied 6.3% of total landscape (65% cover by natural vegetation). The man intervention was responsible for the conversion of the 35% of the PPA area into a mosaic with different land-cover, in this case, with agriculture and urban occupation. Consider the flux of the sub-tribe Euglossina bees, the EEA is not isolated and permitted a forest connection. The forest remnants, although, suffer with the negative pressure done by the agriculture. In this context, we concluded that the landscape metrics permit the evaluation of the landscape context and facilitate the definition of action aim at the forest and landscape conservation.
Comportamento reprodutivo de espécies de Trypargilum e análises de parentesco genético intranidal e genética de populações de Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) albitarse (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-23) Bergamaschi, Antônio Carlos Bragato; Del Lama, Marco Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7198095288825585; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4074808077545126
The genus Trypoxylon consists of solitary wasps that build mud nests or nest in preexisting cavities, which brood cells positioned linearly are stored with paralyzed spiders. The male in species of the subgenus Trypargilum presents a singular behavior among Hymenoptera, playing the role of guard in active nests, which guarantees repeated copulations with the partner that interacts, especially before oviposition. It is expected that this behavior increases the chances of reproductive success of the guarding male. However, the constant presence of satellite males in nesting areas, associated to reports obtained in behavioral studies that pointed the receptivity of females assisted by a guarding male to extra-pair copulations, lay doubts in the effectiveness of reproductive tactics adopted by the guard. The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of natural history of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) species, through behavioral records, genetic analyzes of intranidal relatedness and analyzes of diversity and population structure. The nesting behavior of Trypoxylon agamemnon, Trypoxylon aurifrons and Trypoxylon nitidum in trap nests was recorded, mainly focusing on the interaction between the guarding male and the nesting female, beyond the role of the satellite male, who was constantly positioned near active nests. Genetic analysis of intranidal relatedness using species-specific microsatellite loci for Trypoxylon albitarse indicated that this species has a predominantly monogamous mating system, although extra-pair copulations have been detected. Since little is known about the population genetics of this group of wasps, we also present data from the genetic diversity and structure of five populations of T. albitarse, sampled in four states in Brazil, which indicated high levels of genetic diversity and significantly population structure.
Ecologia do fogo e diversidade funcional em comunidades vegetais de cerrado no Parque Nacional das Emas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-23) Silva, Danilo Muniz da; Batalha, Marco Antônio Portugal Luttembarck; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3893228815181339; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5283017931981878
Fire is an environmental filter that selects species based on their traits and, in association with soil features are related to differences in plant species richness and composition. Functional diversity incorporates variation in species traits and allows one to evaluate the effects of biodiversity upon community functioning. It can be divided into components to elucidate response and effect links with environment. Both intra- and interspecific variation should be considered when analysing the role of environmental filters structuring communities. Sampling woody plants in a Brazilian cerrado reserve, we measured species richness, functional traits, abundance, environmental variables and litter decomposition rate. We calculate three functional diversity index. Then, we used model selection analyses to select the best model predicting functional diversity and richness based on soil variables in sites with three different fire frequencies. We calculated the community weighted mean of each trait and used an ordination to examine how traits changed across fire frequencies. We tested for effects of biodiversity upon ecological functioning. We also used an intra- and interspecific trait-based approach to test for shifts in each trait mean, reduction of trait range, and increase in niche differentiation. We found higher species richness and functional dispersion in more fertile sites where fire was frequent, and the opposite where fire was infrequent. However, soil influenced functional evenness and divergence only where fire was infrequent, with higher values where soils were poorer. We found low values of functional richness and high values of functional evenness and functional convergence. Functional components were related to environmental variables, indicating that functional diversity had response links with the environment: harsher environmental conditions lead to less phenotypic overlap and, consequently, less competition. Functional components did not predict litter decomposition rate. However, when environmental variables were also used, we found higher decomposition rate related to higher slope, richer soil, frequent fire, and higher functional richness. Therefore the effect links of functional diversity upon functioning were dependent on the cerrado environment. The inclusion of intraspecific variability did not increase the perception of environmental filters and competition to all traits. We found evidence for environmental filter to almost all traits analysed, except basal area and leaf toughness. Mean values shifted for five traits and ranges reduced for seven traits compared to null expectation. Also five traits presented niche differentiation indicating competition after the filter selection. Fire may change functional traits directly by hindering development of plants and indirectly by changing competition. Different fire frequencies lead to different plant-soil relationships, which may affect the functioning of tropical savanna communities. Both functional diversity components and functional identity of the communities are affected by fire frequency and soil conditions. Fire gradient changed the space traits by selecting similar species with more adequate traits.