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Análise da gestão do processo de personalização de imóveis considerando os princípios da construção enxuta
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-27)
Pagliaroni, Marco Aurellio Polenghi
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Serra, Sheyla Mara Baptista
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8528385567782505
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1105914364296782
The builders are looking to adopt measures to remain profitable due to increasing market competition. These measures involve not only the improvement of the production process, as well as meeting the needs and requirements of customers. The customization has been used to adapt the residential property to customer needs, thus improving the performance of the built environment and the value of the product. One of the reasons why the implementation of personalization on the world stage was increased socioeconomic pattern of the population which is now able to meet individualized expectations, being stimulated also by the tendency to customize, present in other sectors of the economy. However due to lack of planning and an effective system of communication and information management aimed at adoption of customization, there are delays and rework for the completion of construction stages. Lean Construction emerges as a methodology of workflows that aims to reduce non-value added activities. This study aimed to determine what types of customization are offered, which principles of the Lean Construction are applied and the information flow in building companies of residential buildings that offer customization to customers. As research methodology were conducted four case studies with the use of questionnaires and interviews that allowed the observation of the types of customization offered by the companies studied and the principles of Lean Construction that are being applied. Similarly, it was possible to answer the research question of how the internal processes of these companies that offer customization of residential properties are organized, outlining flowcharts of each company, that show the communication between the involved, from the sale of the property to the client to the delivery of materials required for execution of the work and customizations, and propose a template flowchart.
Estudo teórico do efeito de micro-solvatação na molécula ácido orto-Aminobenzóico (o-Abz)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-27)
Pachêco, Vanusa Bezerra
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Chaudhuri, Puspitapallab
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7716968611856757
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9728640081222445
In this work we analyzed the effect microsolvation in the electronic properties of the molecule ortho-aminobenzóic (o-Abz) in the gas phase using the solvent water. For this we considered two situations, one in that the solvent water molecule are placed close to the carboxyl group and another that the water molecule are placed close to the amino group producing the clusters o-Abz ⋯⌈H2O⌉...(continue).
Algoritmos de remoção para a estrutura de indexação Onion-tree
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-27)
Marrach, Debora Gonçalves Rodrigues
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Ciferri, Ricardo Rodrigues
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8382221522817502
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0349487680412570
The Onion-tree is an efficient metric access method based on main memory for similarity search. The Onion-tree has already provided algorithms for insertion and processing of similarity queries (range query and k-nearest neighbors query). However, in the literature no algorithm has been proposed for removing elements in Onion-tree. For this index be incorporated into a database management system, it is necessary the proposal and implementation of at least one algorithm of deletion. This master's research focused primarily on the implementation and performance evaluation of the algorithms proposed for logical deletion in (CARÉLO et al., 2011). The proposal presented in (CARÉLO et al., 2011) led to the implementation of three algorithms, called LogicalDelete, ReplaceReducing and ReplaceGrowing. The first algorithm applies the logic deletion, while the other two algorithms are specializations adding special treatment for the deletion of elements in internal nodes with children exclusively leaf. The ReplaceReducing algorithm allows the reduction of the radius of the node that contains de deleted element. On the other hand, the ReplaceGrowing algorithm allows increasing this radius. In addition, algorithms have been proposed and evaluated for physical deletion that can be applied at any level of the Onion-tree. The algorithm ReorgAll rearranges all the elements in the hierarchy of the node that contains de deleted element, by physically removing the elements and reinserting them using the insertion algorithm, and algorithm PromoteNode, which extends the algorithm ReorgAll, promotes, when exists conditions for such operation, other node to replace the one that contains the deleted element. Experimental evaluation of the algorithms LogicalDelete, ReplaceReducing and ReplaceGrowing showed that the algorithm LogicalDelete is more cost effective than the algorithms ReplaceReducing and ReplaceGrowing in query processing after the deletion of elements. Experimental evaluation of physical removal algorithms showed that the promotion of a node to replace the removed node has advantages over the simple reorganization of the hierarchy of the node that contains the deleted element. Besides presenting lower cost of deletion of elements, the algorithm PromoteNode also outperformed the algorithm ReorgAll in query processing after removing elements. When compared with the logic deletion algorithm, for a large amount of deletion operations, the algorithms ReorgAll and PromoteNode produced performance gain of 21.6% in range query processing. However, in the same comparison, these algorithms have a much higher cost of deletion.
Grafos eulerianos e identidades polinomiais na álgebra Mn(K)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-27)
Gonçalves, Fernanda Scabio
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Talpo, Humberto Luiz
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1674689444257254
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1273742921311858
In this work we present some applications of graph theory in problems involving polynomial identities for the algebra Mn (K). A brief presentation of PI-theory and some concepts of graph theory, such as the definition of Eulerian graphs, which are the basic elements of this work, were presented to make the text self- contained. We show two different proofs of the Amitsur-Levitzki theorem, the proof of Razmyslov and other due to Swan's theorem - an important result on Eulerian graphs. Finally, a similar result of the Amitsur-Levitzki's theorem for skew-symmetric matrices is proved using elements of graph theory. We emphasize that the understanding of the technique makes it possible to simplify many results and has been an important tool in the study of PI-algebras.
Mineração de interesses no processo de modernização dirigida a arquitetura
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-27)
Santibáñez, Daniel Gustavo San Martín
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Camargo, Valter Vieira de
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/6809743774407662
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0093122099559709
Software systems are considered legacy when they were developed many years ago with outdated technologies and their maintenance process consumes a large amount of resources. One cause of these problems is the inadequate modularization of its crosscutting concerns. In this situation, an alternative is to modernize the system with a new language to provide better support for concern modularization. ADM (Architecture-Driven Modernization) is an OMG model-driven proposal to modernize legacy systems and consist of a set of metamodels in which the main metamodel is KDM (Knowledge Discovery Metamodel), which allows to represent all the characteristics of a system. The modernization process begins with reverse engineering to represent the legacy system in a KDM model. Thereafter, refactorings can be applied to the model and then generate the modernized code. However, the current proposals do not support crosscutting concerns modularization. This occurs because the first step is to identify the elements which contribute with the implementation of a particular concern and it is not supplied by ADM. In this sense, this dissertation presents an approach for mining crosscutting concerns in KDM models, thus establishing the first step towards to a Concern-Driven modernization. The approach is a combination of two techniques, a concern library and a modified K-means clustering algorithm, which comprises four steps where the input is a KDM model and the result is the same KDM model with annotated concerns and some log files. In addition, we developed an Eclipse plugin called CCKDM to implement the approach. An evaluation was performed involving three software systems. The results show that for systems using APIs to implement their concerns the developed technique is an effective method for identifying them, achieving good values of precision and recall.
O cinema como prática educativa no ensino médio: Projeto O Cinema vai à escola
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-27)
Moura, Marcilene Rosa Leandro
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Tagliavini, João Virgílio
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7231887340426793
Considering the changes in Brazilian education, consolidated from educational reforms promoted by the Federal Government in mid of 1990, attending the determinations made explicit in the documents produced by the World Conference on Education for All and the Report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century (Delors Report) that propose to achieve an education that meets the demands of the contemporary world through the pedagogy of learning to learn also known as Pedagogical Competence, the writing in question discusses how these issues are spread in the project The Cinema Goes to School - the use of cinematographic language in education that integrate series of actions proposed by the Sao Paulo State Board of Education from the implementation of State Official Curriculum in 2008. The Educational Project referred, aimed at secondary school students from public schools, search in synthesis, promote by displaying several cinematographic productions the development of competences and skills, particularly the reader and the writer, from the perspective of providing an education that promotes the resources cognitive mobilization necessary knowledge to attend social demands, aiming the changes in the contemporary world. The research was made in several stages and involved the review of existing bibliography, application of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with the pedagogical coordinators teachers and high school teachers from public schools located in the city of Sorocaba / SP. Moreover, it was made the tab data of on-line research made by SEE / SP on the application of the educational project in schools. Although teachers have the concern to meet the curriculum proposed by the SEE / SP particularly through the contents contained in the Book of the Teacher / Student, does it almost innocent, considering his lack of knowledge about the current educational policy both national and state even considering indispensable the content fulfillment presented in educational materials provided by SEE / SP aiming to be fundamental to provides the students with knowledge that will enable their entry into the labor market as well as in higher education.
Planejamento e gestão do ambiente construído em universidades públicas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-27)
Esteves, Juliana Cardoso
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Falcoski, Luiz Antonio Nigro
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3200660670856698
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8180214459480752
Universities go through constant physical expansion processes, which requires planning, design and investment in infrastructure. Public universities often maintain their own design offices and teams responsible for planning and management of physical space, as well as for the supervision of building processes and others, which have a relation to society. This research aims to study and characterize design process and physical space planning and management inside public universities, through the systematization of processes and of internal flows of activities and information and, also, by identifying the key problems within these processes, as well as the relations between such processes and institutional planning instruments such as Urban Master Plans and Institutional Development Plans. The work presents a literature review and case studies of three Brazilian public universities, focusing its planning and design offices. As its main results, we present a diagnosis of the maturity stage of planning and management of the built environment processes within those institutions, characterize best practices related to those processes and propose some guidelines for project development in public universities.
Cinema e memória da ditadura civil-militar no Brasil: uma análise dos filmes Pra frente Brasil (1982) e Ação entre amigos (1998)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-28)
Novais, Adriana Rodrigues
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Pellegrini, Tânia
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0280434883580627
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7884025499313106
The present research focuses on the question of memory and representation of the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship through the analysis of two films, Pra Frente Brasil (1982) [Go further Brazil] and Ação Entre Amigos [Action between friends] (1998), which explore this period of national history. Our goal was to understand the contributions and limits of these two pieces of cinematographic work as bearers of civil military dictatorship memories. So, we examine how the civil-military dictatorship comes to the scene in the mentioned pictures, relating them to their own production context. We take as presupposition the fact that films are bearers of meanings that allow us to understand the relation between human beings and their historical time. For that we take as our own the Pilar Calveiros s conception of memory and, trying to comprehend the relation between cinema, memory and society, we found our theory on Walter Benjamin s theoretical and methodological referential, as on his conception of History. This author proposes, by the way, that we may think on the cinema s political function. To investigate the relation between art work and society we use Tania Pelegrini s concept of refraction and the Pierre Sorlin s conception of representation. At last, we found on the trauma and resentment concepts, willing to comprehend how cinema represents the relation between the dictatorial past with the present.
Futebol: a geometria analítica no campo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-28)
Pereira, Ana Paula Lorenço
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Bertoncello, Luciene Nogueira
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8028970771846775
This paper presents a practical math approach to everyday math student through the measures used in the football field do teach analytical geometry to students from public high schools. The activities were developed in E. E. Nelson Fernandes, in the city of Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, where the autor of the study has taught for 20 years and it was found that there is a mechanization of using standard formulas and still lack connection between this issue and the reality of the student. Football is a very common issue on a daily basis for most of the students of this school, and also a joke among some students and teachers, so a theme motivating learning any math related to it, such as distance between two players positioned on the field, equation of the when a player passes the ball to another, or when kicks the goal, what exactly are the basic issues of analytic geometry of the 3rd grade of high school. The work was done through a football field in reduced size using toy players without necessarily knowing the rules of the game, the idea is that students can visualize distances and even measure to check them. Through a sequence os activities, starting from the concept of distance between two points, gradually lead the student to understand the basic concepts of analytic geometry. One of the main results and related to this project was the participatory learning of students in building their knowledge through experimentation and visualization of concrete linked to the intellectual. The material reached this goal. This work has brought to this author a great professional development since the choice of the theme, its application in the classroom and finally the reflection of everything that has been done and what is recorded in this dissertation.
Situações-problemas aplicadas na aprendizagem de equações e sistemas de equações do primeiro grau com duas variáveis
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-28)
Tolentino, Gilmar
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Bertoncello, Luciene Nogueira
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8028970771846775
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3943368758554969
The development of this work aims to aims to show the importance of the application of problem situations for the learning of equations and systems of first degree equations with two variables by students of the 8th grade level in paper and pencil environment and observation of two-pan balance. The proposal is to show the application of solving problem which involves first-degree equations with one unknown and systems of first-degree equation with two unknowns, in order to encourage the students to think, state the solution of the problem, try to overcome the learning difficulties, facing challenges which requires a great effort and dedication and find out by themselves the best strategy which must be used in order to solve the problem and, after this, compare and present the algorithms defined for the solution of these concepts. It is also presented the solution of these problems using the twopan balance method, the addition and substitution method, as well as the method of solving equations and equation systems with two unknowns.
Desenvolvimento de nanocompósitos de polianilina/TiO2 e compósitos de polianilina/NaAlH4 para armazenamento de hidrogênio
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-28)
Moreira, Bruna Rodrigues
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Pessan, Luiz Antonio
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8276650236213537
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9960753066591116
Hydrogen is considered a clean and versatile energy vector that can be used for many applications, having water as the major product of combustion, it a great potential to be an alternative to fossil fuels. However, the challenge for the establishment of hydrogen technology to be used widely and safely is hydrogen storage. In this work, it was studied the preparation of composites and nanocomposites using the polyaniline (Pani) as polymer matrix in order to obtain a new material for hydrogen storage. In situ Pani/Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocomposites with 10 or 30 wt% of TiO2 were prepared using two dopants: hydrochloric acid and docecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA). Both polyaniline and TiO2 were synthesized. Pani/sodium alanate (NaAlH4) composites with 30 or 50wt% of NaAlH4 were prepared from dispersions in toluene. These composites were also doped with 2 mole% of TiO2 in order to decrease the sorption temperature of hydrogen. Two drying processes were studied: Spray Drying process and filtration followed by drying in a vacuum oven. Morphological characterization of the composites and nanocomposites showed a good dispersion of the filler in the polymeric matrix, in addition, microspheres of NaAlH4 encapsulated by Pani were obtained using the spray dryer process. Hydrogen sorption analyses were carried out for pure Pani-DBSA and for the composites with 50wt% of sodium alanate and 2 mole% of TiO2 obtained for the two different drying processes. From these analyses, the composites showed sorption of 0.60% H2, higher than that obtained for the pure polymer (0.42%). These results show evidence that the proposed composites may be used for hydrogen storage.
A filosofia da educação de Luís Antônio Verney: entre o iluminismo e uma nova escolástica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-28)
Buonadio Neto, Vicente
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Tagliavini, João Virgílio
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4353781144213842
Monographic study, historical interpretation in the area of philosophy of education. In True Method of Studying, Luis Antonio Verney openly criticizes the education provided by the Jesuits, blaming them for all cultural and educational backwardness of the Kingdom. Grounded in modern philosophy, Verney, proposes a reform at all levels of educational Portugal - primary, secondary and higher education - formulating a new ideology of education for the state. Based on empiricism, which started from the observation and experience, contrasted to the formal logic of the deductive method of the scholastics, foundation of Ratio Studiorum of the Jesuits. His criticisms and proposals influenced the creation of the first secular educational system in Portugal, after the expulsion of the Jesuits in the reforms of Pombal. While that seems to have disrupted with the scholastic model by proposing empiricism, his enlightenment was conservative, not revolutionary, Catholic, because he always defended the maintenance of (the) faith , fidelity to the Church, conciliation between faith and reason , which are the foundations of scholasticism. In this work, the following questions are raised: What were the main characteristics of the Enlightenment of Portuguese pedagogy? Did Verney disrupt scholasticism? Or just added some ideas of modern philosophy, maintaining the essence of that current of thought? This work seeks to understand how the creation of Portuguese public education occurred, and thus better understand, too, the Brazilian education. Bibliographical monography based upon the historical-critical methodology. We conclude that Verney disrupted scholasticism partially, by proposing a new method based on empiricism of Locke and blaming the Jesuit educational model for the delay of the kingdom, but at the same time kept as Portuguese priest the ideology of the Catholic faith, and, because of that he created a new Portuguese scholastic. He brought major contributions to the educational reform in the kingdom such as the appreciation of the Portuguese to the Latin, the secularization of the educational system, the education of women, literacy for all subjects, the creation of a new academic education based on the appreciation of the experience, among others.
Classificação do comportamento verbal e aquisição de discriminações condicionais por bebês
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-28)
Aguiar, Graziele Thomasinho de
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Gil, Maria Stella Coutinho de Alcântara
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1673770301699940
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/5474561962677267
Arbitrary stimuli can be related through conditional discrimination, via procedure Matching-tosample. The procedure can also establish equivalent relations emerge when relations were not directly taught. Such relationships must share three properties: reflexivity, symmetry and transitivity. Authors propose that success in establishing stimulus classes stems from the possibility of appointment by the participant. Among the possibilities to define "name", two stand out in this work: as Tact, towards an object in the environment the person issues an oral word; or as a higher order behavioral relation and bidirectional combining conventional functions of speech and listener. Taking into account the studies presented by both proposals, there appears to be evidence to prove that the appointment is necessary for the establishment of equivalence classes. Therefore, it is important to study participants who have incipient verbal repertoire to test the relationships of verbal behavior in the establishment of conditional discriminations and arbitrary stimulus classes. This study aims to determine the relationship between the verbal repertoire and the acquisition of conditional discriminations in babies up to 30 months old. This was done / assessments will be carried language development of participants through the Denver II and Operational Portage Inventory. Five teaching conditional discrimination procedures and tests of naming and equivalence were conducted with thirteen participants from 13 to 28 months. The verbal repertoire of these participants were classified according to the Skinner s taxonomy, and were also recorded behaviors listener and follow rules during teaching sessions and moments of free play. As a result, it was observed that all babies emitted echoic, tact and mands during session, eight participants learned the conditional discrimination proposals, all they learned discrimination vocalized the names of the experimental stimuli at some point, five participants underwent tests of symmetry and transitivity with familiar stimuli, two participants tested, none passed tests of equivalence. This indicates that the conditional discrimination learning depends on methodological aspects employees; verbal behavior, including the appointment of the names used in teaching auditoryvisual discrimination, can facilitate this learning. However, there is still no conclusive data on the need of the ability of appointment to the establishment of equivalence classes of stimuli.
A produção de textos no ensino de língua: da constituição dos enunciados à constituição dos planos enunciativos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-29)
Galli, Glória Edini dos Santos
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Onofre, Marilia Blundi
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4908382415301882
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7279601326264588
The objective, in this paper, is to investigate the enunciative plans formation in narrative texts productions written in native language (Portuguese) from elementary school students II, 3rd and 4th cycles. In this approach, the research s central objective lies in the observation of enunciative plans confluence competing in the same text. When the students tried to reproduce the models, which the school works with, they rehearse to assume the place of subject, judging the narrated facts.To discuss this matter, we take for observation the subject marks, space and time generated by the lexical-grammatical relationships and constitutive implications of enunciative plans. Although one cannot say that these occurrences are characterized as errors, one also cannot say that these enunciation changes cannot generate disconnected texts. Therefore, it negatively influences the evaluations of school activities. Taking The Theory of Predicative and Enunciative Operations by Antoine Culioli as a theoretical axis, that favors the enunciative situation in the language constitution, we seek the linguistic marks and modal expressions in the statements that denunciate these different structures. The modal expressions lend us clues of enunciative operations activated by the subject, constituting the mode to enunciate from the enunciator subject. We propose that the teacher can lead the student to the knowledge of his/her own production process and work in the development of the student's discursive capacity based on the theoretical framework we adopted. However, the enunciative mechanisms that constitute the statements and generate the language process need to be known. We used as a standard in the analysis process: the determination marks and indeterminacy of the parameters of subject, space and time; the functioning of the statements by the discret, dense and compact typology, the notions that involve the weights of quantification and qualification. These transactions, analyzed together, enable us to determine the different enunciative plans. In other words, the History enunciative plan and the Speech plan, which correspond in the activities we work with, respectively, to the narrative and dissertative/argumentative texts.
Desafios e peculiaridades do PT do Paraná: uma análise da cultura política dos dirigentes petistas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-29)
Ayres, Carla Simara Luciana da Silva
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Ribeiro, Pedro José Floriano
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/6057470643261883
Much has been written about Worker's Party in the literature, which discusses basic and general topics such as the party's foundation, to a more specific ones, such as government experiences and national power achievement. Nevertheless, although Worker's Party is a very well-known subject in political science literature, there are still a few theoretical gaps regarding two main dimensions: cultural and regional; especially when addressed together. Based on that, this study is developed in order to explore one of these gaps, which aims to analyse the political culture of the PT leaders from Paraná state by means of a comparative table, with people responsible to the meetings and conferences. The reason for focusing on Paraná state was the particularities found in terms of party's formation processes, which strongly influence the actions and structure of the party along its agency according to Panebianco. However, it is known that such particularities are due to historical context and economic development of the state which determine the formation of specific groups, and consequently the PT-PR group. As a result, it was found that mobilized sectors in Paraná have different characteristics in comparison to the most recognisable experiences such as those of ABC. In summary, we argue that these different factors tend to influence and create some particularities with regards political culture of these leaders.
Da batalha naval à geometria analítica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-29)
Martimiano, Paulo César
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Bertoncello, Luciene Nogueira
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8028970771846775
Etnografia de uma escola Xikrin
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-29)
Beltrame, Camila Boldrin
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Cohn, Clarice
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1714080901123094
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0995074384060751
This dissertation presents an ethnographic study about a school of the Xikrin of the Bacaja, Mebengokré group (Gê), from southwest Pará, Brazil. It seeks to understand how the Xikrin have appropriated of this institution and its activities, what kind of reflections they have formulated about it and how they have inserted it in their daily lives. The school that the government offers to the Xikrin does not follow the principles of the Brazilian Constitution, which stipulate a differentiated and intercultural teaching to indigenous peoples based on the local specificities. During the fieldwork two movements were privileged. First, the daily activities of school have been monitored. That allowed the observation of the space in which the Xikrin children and non-Xikrin adults coexist and establish relations that were not observed in other moments in the village. The second movement was based on conversations with the men who explain what they consider a good school. In these situations the school is recognized as the place for children to learn the techniques and skills of the Whites. However, when they reach a certain maturity these knowledge are left aside so that the Xikrin knowledge begin to be demonstrated, as well as the relations they engender.
A influência das disposições culturais no Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes do Ensino Superior (ENADE)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-29)
Silva, Marcio da
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Maamari, Adriana Mattar
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/5707827597161294
This work falls within the scope of researches on the school career / academic students of different social groups. This is a study on the performance of Brazilian students in the National Performance Higher Education (ENADE). In this sense, the research aims to investigate the existence of possible relationships between socioeconomic background and academic performance of students of higher education in Enade, seeking to answer the question: socioeconomic status of students can influence their performance on the exam? For this, we used the Sociology of Education Pierre Bourdieu, as this author is responsible for developing studies on trajectories, considering the intrinsically linked to cultural capital inherited from the family and social status, ie, elements which together, gather facts related to positions and social processes essential to understanding the meanings of these positions. The analysis of the data that make up the socioeconomic profile of students as well as the result in the proof of the general education Enade revealed that factors such as the type of school attended in high school and ethnicity exerted influence on the performance achieved by the individuals.
Avaliação da integridade de córregos a partir das características da paisagem: teste do protocolo WHEBIP para uma região tropical
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-29)
Pires, Adriana Helena Catojo
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Tanaka, Marcel Okamoto
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2768658925977757
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1706578123112503
Lotic systems are highly influenced by the landscape through which they flow, and changes in the landscape are the main threat to their ecological integrity. Evaluating the ecological "health" of lotic systems is essential and of great importance to the management of water resources worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the integrity of streams in southeastern Brazil using the protocol WHEBIP (Watershed Habitat Evaluation and Biotic Integrity Protocol), which combines information about the coverage of riparian vegetation, geomorphology, land cover and human activities to assess the physical characteristics of the sub-basin and to evaluate the integrity of streams. We compared this protocol with the protocol RCE (Riparian, Channel and Environmental), already widely used in tropical regions, to directly assess stream physical condition. As a measure of the functional integrity of streams, we estimated leaf breakdown rates, an important process in lotic systems. Furthermore, we sorted and identified the macroinvertebrates that colonized leaves in the 2nd and 28th days of the decomposition experiment and calculated environmental quality metrics related to these communities to test their relationship with WHEBIP. The protocols WHEBIP and RCE were significantly correlated to each other, with greater differentiation among streams especially when RCE was high. Possibly, the WHEBIP, by incorporating spatial variables on a large scale in the landscape, best differentiates these streams. None of the protocols tested were correlated with leaf breakdown rates. However, when calculating variation of decay rates (standard error), we observed a positive relationship with the protocol WHEBIP. Thus, we grouped the metrics of the protocol WHEBIP in a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), noting the trend to a significant correlation between changes in leaf breakdown rates and the first axis of the PCA, which indicates that the increase of forest cover in the microbasin could reduce variation in leaf breakdown rates in streams. The WHEBIP and RCE showed no correlation with the environmental quality metrics related to macroinvertebrate communities. But we tested the hypothesis that higher values of WHEBIP decreases the variation in leaf breakdown rates due to higher stability of macoinvertebrate communities, we found a significant correlation to withdraw one of the streams of the analysis. This stream differed greatly from the rest, because even getting down in value in WHEBIP, showed a differentiation between communities, due to the dominance of certain taxa in the days analyzed. This is the first study in the tropics that relates the variation in leaf breakdown rates in streams and forest cover of the microbasin within they are inserted. Our results suggest that WHEBIP protocol can be used to assess the integrity of streams in tropical regions. This protocol showed significant relationships with the variation in leaf breakdown rates, which may prove to be an interesting metric for use in monitoring, and the stability of the macroinvertebrate community, which is greater in less impacted streams, as suggested by other studies.
Hidrólise enzimática dos polissacarídeos do café
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-08-29)
Baraldi, Ilton José
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Zangirolami, Teresa Cristina
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4546701843297248
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1989626876274601
Instant coffee is one of the main products generated by food industry worldwide, consisting of solubilized fraction from roasted and grounded coffee by heat treatment in two steps: thermal extraction at 125 0C, followed by thermal hydrolysis at 180 0C of not solubilized fraction in the previous step. With a high overall yield (~ 50%) due to high temperatures used in thermal hydrolysis step in order to solubilize carbohydrates present in the coffee, this step is characterized by high energy consumption and generation of unwished volatile compounds (acetaldehyde, furfural and 5 -hydroxy methyl furfural) from thermal degradation of coffee beans constituents. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of conducting hydrolysis and solubilization of polysaccharides remaining in coffee residue after thermal extraction step (low temperature) through enzymatic hydrolysis. This alternative was further compared to the industrial process conventionally employed. Enzymatic hydrolysis experiments were performed at 50 0C and pH 5.0, using roasted arabica coffee residue obtained after thermal extraction conducted at 125 0C (Steps I and II) or at 165 0C (Step III). Solubilized fraction by thermal extraction, thermal or enzymatic hydrolysis were characterized in terms of volatiles from thermal degradation (GC-MS), carbohydrate composition (HPAEC-PAD) and sensorial evaluation. In Step I of this study, 11 commercial enzyme preparations, presenting enzymatic activities of galactomannanases, cellulases, galactanases and β-glucanases, among others, able to act in coffee biopolymers (arabinogalactans - AGs, galactomannans - GMs and cellulose) were tested. Three enzyme preparations (Powercell, Galactomannanase-HBI and Ultraflo® XL) were selected due to their high activity in standard substrates (463 FPU / g, 18,554 IU / g and 1.028 IU / mL, respectively). In Step II, the influence of the concentration of enzymatic preparations Powercell, Galactomannanase-HBI and Ultraflo ® XL (independent variables) on the performance of the enzymatic process was investigated by running 11 experiments performed according to a full factorial design in two levels. Results showed that Ultraflo® XL preparation did not contribute for carbohydrates solubilization nor for yield increasing (p-value> 0.49), while enzymes present in the preparations Galactomannanase and Powercell influenced significantly the response variables favoring the release of glucose, arabinose, mannose and glactose as free and total sugars (p-value <0.1). The best results were achieved in the experimental condition conducted with 0.12% of Powercell, 0.10% of galactomannanase, and 0.12% of Ultraflo® XL, reaching up 22.3% of yield with reduced concentration of unwished volatiles. Products obtained by the three processes were also compared, resulting in similar yields for thermal extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis, whereas thermal hydrolysis yield was approximately 60% higher, due to a high solubilization of galactose. However, this product contained double concentrations of unwished volatiles compounds. In order to improve the yield of the alternative process (thermal extraction followed by enzymatic hydrolysis), in Step III the extraction temperature influence in a range of 125 to 175 0C was studied. Results showed that it is possible to increase thermal extraction temperature to 165 0C, without additional generation of unwished volatiles and with 80% increase of yield in this stage, when compared to the traditional process performed at 125 0C. Residue unsolubilized at 165 0C was then processed by thermal hydrolysis (180 0C) and enzymatic hydrolysis in 3 different experimental conditions of factorial design performed in Step II. Achieved yields were similar in thermal and enzymatic hydrolysis (~ 28%). It was also noticed that increase of thermal extraction temperature enhanced coffee biopolymers solubilization by the enzymes action, again with reduced formation of undesirable volatiles. Sensorial evaluation of soluble coffees obtained by the different process was conducted. Product generated at 125 and 165 0C showed characteristics similar to roasted and grinded coffee fresh brew. Yet, thermal hydrolyzed products in Stages II and III stood out by high acidity, while the enzymatic hydrolyzed product showed characteristic strongly bitter in Step II and neutral characteristic in Stage III, although enzymatic hydrolysis can be improved it can be used for instant coffee production.