Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2013-09-10"

Filter results by year or month

Now showing 1 - 20 of 17783

Pressupostos pedagógicos das atuais propostas de formação superior em saúde no Brasil: origens históricas e fundamentos teóricos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-10)
Conterno, Solange de Fátima Reis
;
Lopes, Roseli Esquerdo
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/1507752191797249
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/3619930912262742
The study approached the pedagogic assumptions of current proposals of health graduation in Brazil, disclosed by the Health Ministry as innovative and as the only possibility, nowadays, of a competent, critical and progressive health graduation. The recommended assumptions are expressed by the quotations of learning to learn; the facilitating professor; signifying learning; teaching centered in the student s interest and problem based learning. Worked with the premise that the assumptions of innovative methodologies if historically situated they lose their inventiveness and originality not constituting themselves in something new. The research aimed systematizing the historical background of the changing movement in graduation of professionals connected to health in the last decades; to identify and analyze the suggestions of changes in health training in different historical moments by different actors. To apprehend from official documents the methodological assumptions divulged to health graduation in Brazil in the last years, aiming to identify the theoretical origins of the identified pedagogical assumptions. For carrying out the present study there were recurred to primary sources, official documents which explicit the reorientations of health professionals training; ordinances; resolutions; reports; recommendations and official discourses elaborated and divulged by institutions, organs and people, which one way or another, are connected to the discussion of professionals formation which act in health field in Brazil and in the world. The secondary sources used in the course of study are intellectual productions identified as disseminators of the movement which encouraged and still do the change in health graduation based in the adhesion of innovative and intellectual methodologies which analyze the limits of active and non-directive assumptions. Through the systematization and analysis of data it was possible to identify the burden that the international movements, mostly those connected to the discussion of medical education and the role of different international organisms as the OPAS and Kellog foundation had in the disclosure of theoretical-methodological change proposes in professional training in the health field. By analyzing the main initiatives of changes in the health training disclosed in Brazil there were explicit the theoretical and political influences which conducted the Health Ministry to induce the proposes of training backed by innovative/active methodologies, which started to divulge the pedagogical assumptions theoretically connected to the active and non-directive pedagogies. Starting from the assumption that not always what is referred as new is new itself, or brings in it a significant progress related to what has been already established, along to the study of the theoretical-methodological origins of the recommended pedagogical assumptions. We conclude that the pedagogical assumptions divulged may be considered innovations in the context in which they were produced, beginning of the last century, because they constitute answers to the problems faced in the field of education, mostly in the beginning of the last century and which had as main point basic education, notedly, children s education. In the field of health, is not something new, but it is strongly anchored in one of the most advanced movements concerning the field, Preventive Medicine, which since the last century has defended the necessity of change, the curricular readjustment and the incorporation of active methodologies in health training. Currently such assumptions are resignified, losing their original sense.
Objetos virtuais de aprendizagem aplicados ao ensino de física: uma sequência didática desenvolvida e implementada nos conteúdos programáticos de física ondulatória, em turmas regulares do nível médio de escolarização que utilizam um sistema apostilado
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-11)
Miranda, Márcio Santos
;
Studart Filho, Nelson
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/0451310772113076
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/5264432549302955
The use of digital learning objects (DLO) in the classroom has become more relevant and frequent. Therefore, reflecting on pupils and teacher s attitude, in real-class situations about the insertion of new educational technologies has proved pertinent and up to date. This paperwork presents a didactic sequence about Physics of Waves using mainly PhET Interactive Simulations. The methodological approach is based on the Meaningful Learning Theory by Ausubel and coworkers and the Face-to-Face Collaborative Method developed by Moreira. The sequence was applied in two Physics classes of two different Brazilian High Schools which use a Teaching Structured System. All the activities are designed in the form of a preliminary, Interaction with the DLO, and outcome and planned for double 45-minute classes. The continuous use of Maps of Concepts in order to follow the evolution of concepts understanding of the student has allowed to conclude that there have been effective learning gains in the process of hierarchical organization and relationship between the concepts involved in the Physics of Waves. The work described here has shown that it is possible successfully insert DLO in the regular classrooms of a traditional private school. However, the most important result from this work has been the change in the attitudes of students and teacher and their behavior in the classroom. After this practice, the teacher has planned the classes more carefully, introducing new teaching initiatives, and the students have experienced a more active and protagonist role in the process of knowledge building.
Zéolitas ZSM-12 mesoporosas textura, cristalinidade e atividade ácida para o craqueamento de cicloexano
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-12)
Carvalho, Kele Tatiane Gomes
;
Urquieta-González, Ernesto Antonio
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/7263345705541875
The research addressed the generation of mesoporosity in the zeolite ZSM-12 (MTW). In the first part we studied the synthesis of ZSM-12 via conventional methodology and in the presence of a mesopore directing agent, organosilane [3-(Trimethoxy-silyl)propyl] octadecyldimethylammonium chloride (TPOAC). It was verified to influence the TPOAC/SiO2 and H2O/SiO2 ratios and, also the aging of the reaction mixture, temperature and time of the hydrothermal treatment. In the second part we studied the formation of mesoporosity by post-synthesis treatment with alkaline solution (NaOH). For optimization of such treatment the concentration of the NaOH solution and the temperature were varied. The zeolites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption, scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance of 27Al, and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia. By the analyses of X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement, we verified a decrease in crystallization kinetics with increasing TPOAC/SiO2 ratio and a tendency for simultaneous crystallization of MFI and MTW phases with increasing H2O/SiO2 ratio, temperature and aging time. It was possible to obtain mesoporous ZSM-12 with high purity and crystallinity with only small quantities of TPOAC and relatively long crystallization times. For ZSM-12 zeolites treated in basic medium, there was the formation of mesopores in the range from 2.9 to 23 nm due to the silicon extraction from the crystalline framework, which caused a decrease in the volume of micropores and an increase in the total acidity, assigned to the decrease in Si/Al ratio. In the cracking of cyclohexane at 400 °C, although the presence of mesoporosity had caused a decrease in the total acidity, the zeolites synthesized with TPOAC showed similar conversions to conventional zeolite with minimal catalytic deactivation, which was attributed to the better mass transfer and less coke formation. The ZSM-12 zeolites treated with NaOH exhibited activity and stability similar to those obtained in the presence of TPOAC. By its higher proportion of strong acid sites, the conventional ZSM-12 zeolite showed higher hydrocarbon yields in the range from C2 to C4 in comparison with the mesoporous zeolites, with the latter showing a higher yield for C6 hydrocarbons.
Programação da produção em sistemas flowshop híbrido com buffers limitados
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-12)
Lugo, Pedro Luis Miranda
;
Teixeira Junior, Rodolfo Florence
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/3984827098999832
;
Armentano, Vinicius Amaral
;
http://lattes.cnpq.br/2731824199139290
This research studies the hybrid flowshop scheduling problem. In this production configuration, we have a set of jobs that has to be processed in a set of stages. At every stage we have a set of parallel machines available to process the jobs. All jobs have to be processed following the same production flow, from the first to the last stage. Every job has to be processed on one machine at each stage and each machine can process at most one job at a time. Some constraints commonly found in real production systems as unrelated parallel machines, limited buffers, sequence-dependent setup times (both anticipatory and non-anticipatory), machine eligibility, transportation times and release times for machines are also taken into account. The optimization criterion is the makespan, whose minimization is related to the efficient use of production resources. A mixed integer programming model is proposed and solved by the commercial solver CPLEX. The computational evaluation results indicate that the model is suitable just to solve instances up to nine jobs and five stages. Therefore, to solve larger instances (50-100 jobs), several heuristics and an iterated local search (ILS) algorithm are proposed and evaluated computationally. The results indicate that the ILS is able to obtain good quality solutions in short computation times.
Síntese por redução carbotérmica assistida por micro-ondas de carbeto de zircônio
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-12)
Gaviria, Juan Pablo Yasnó
;
Kiminami, Ruth Herta Goldschmidt Aliaga
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/7643216999108223
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/8264570604790000
One of the major motivations for the development of new synthesis routes is a continuing need for fast and energy-efficient methods that allow obtaining materials with differentiated technological characteristics and properties. The use of microwaves in materials synthesis has generated great interest in the scientific research due to its speed, simplicity and energy-efficiency. Among different synthesis methods which can be assisted by microwave energy, the carbothermal reduction is the most simple and effective method in ceramic materials production. The conventional carbothermal reduction is used to obtain zirconium carbide (ZrC). In this context, the purpose of this work was to study the synthesis by microwave-assisted carbothermal reduction of ZrC using a mixture of zirconia (ZrO2) and carbon black (C). The synthesis parameters evaluated in this work were: stoichiometry, ZrO2/C-forming process, microwave power, reaction time and pressure of inert gas (argon). Characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the samples synthesized by this method showed that the formation of ZrC phase was enhanced by controlling the following parameters: microwave power and reaction time increases, conservation of theoretical stoichiometry ZrO2/C:1/3, less compression of the pelleted mixture before the reaction and moderate pressure of argon. The samples with the highest ZrC content were characterized by specific surface area (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These characterizations revealed that microwave-assisted carbothermal reduction synthesis produced ZrC samples with average particle size of ~100-200nm, near the nanometer range, homogeneous morphology and reaction time of 30 minutes.
Ecologia das assembleias de peixes do Parque Estadual de Jurupará (PEJU,SP)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-13)
Teshima, Fernanda Ayumi
;
Cetra, Maurício
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/6775493342513120
;
Petrere Junior, Miguel
;
http://lattes.cnpq.br/9377772041367252
The general aim of this thesis is to understand the fish assemblages of headwater and small streams of Jurupará State Park, a protected area located in São Paulo State. Located among other four protected areas, the park functions as a connector and contributes to the conservation of the Atlantic Forest and Upper Juquiá River basin, located in the Ribeira de Iguape River basin. Ten stream reaches (3rd to 5th order) were sampled between June and December 2010. Ichthyofauna was collected with electrofishing equipment, while environmental variables were visually quantified during onsite surveys and with cartographic maps of the region. Local environmental variables consisted of coarse substrate, diversity of water velocity, proportion of mesohabitats (i.e., riffles, pools and runs), banks stability and shading. Regional environmental variables consisted of vegetation cover, catchment area, altitude and stream reach position according to sub-basin. Fish assemblages structure analyses according to environmental variables were divided into two chapters, presented as scientific papers. The first chapter analyzed two issues, (i) fish assemblages α and β components and (ii) patterns in species composition according to environmental variables. In order to approach the first issue, we used multiplicative partitioning of true diversities to calculate α and β components and compare them with expected values in a null model. The second issue was approached by reducing the number of environmental variables with PCA and using the most significant gradients as predictor variables in a db-RDA, followed by a species composition variation partitioning according to each significant variable. The α and β components observed were different from expected by chance and the variation in species composition was strongly related to environmental variables operating at different scales. The proportion of coarse substrate and bank stability contributed with 6% of species composition variation, while sub-basin contributed with 10%. Possibly, the low percentage of variation explained by the model can be justified by the scale of the environmental variables. If the structuring of fish assemblages follows the null metacommunity model predictions, then variables related to stream topology and species intrinsic characteristics are more likely to better explain the spatial organization of the fauna. In Chapter II, we used data of occurrence frequency, average abundance and biomass to identify rare and common species of the fish assemblages. Withal, we used linear multiple regression models to analyze the abundance of Isbrueckerichthys epakmos according to local environmental variables. The importance of this species relies on its classification as endemic in Ribeira de Iguape River basin and threatened, according to IUCN criterion. Five species were very abundant and widely distributed in the sampled reaches, including I. epakmos, whose distribution was strongly related to coarse substrate and proportion of riffles and runs. Eight rare species were identified, two of them being also endemic of Ribeira de Iguape River basin, Astyanax ribeirae e Neoplecostomus ribeirensis. The elevated taxonomic and functional diversity observed indicates that the studied streams still hold physical integrity to support the biota and, probably, local ecological processes, despite the presence of impoundments that support four small dams installed inside the park.
Promover a saúde, produzir famílias: a implementação da Estratégia Saúde da Família na Encosta da Serra Gaúcha
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-13)
Oliveira, Everton de
;
Feltran, Gabriel de Santis
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/6789864439048444
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/8527667085012809
The Family Health Strategy (FHS) is a health care policy that organizes much of the Primary Care of the Brazilian Health System, called SUS. By standing at a care level that aims a daily relationship with the population, the FHS is critically seen as a policy that segregates distinct social strata, as an instrument of state aimed at containment of a population regarded as poor . In this dissertation, I seek to problematize this issue starting from an ethnography conducted in the city here called São Martinho, situated in the region of Encosta da Serra, northeastern Rio Grande do Sul. Starting from this issue, my research question is: how is FHS constituted? To answer it, my goal is to analyze the process of implementation of the FHS in São Martinho, from a field research conducted between 2011 and 2013. The object of the analysis, thus, is dynamic, meaning that its composition is in motion, as an entanglement of subjects and spaces involved in this process, mapped into three smaller bundles of relationships: 1) concerning the medical care, 2) the assisted residents, and 3) the government and politics. In this dissertation, the description of what constitutes the FHS in this process will not refer to the figure of a state, nor to a system separated from the dynamics of the municipality in question: it will depend on the involvement and relationship of disparate subjects, in a entanglement that do not produces antagonisms, but everyday disputes that redraws its contours. The two basic signs of FHS, health and family, will also be the main object in dispute.
Compósito de poliuretano elastomérico reforçado com fibra de juta: estudo das propriedades dinâmico-mecânicas e viscoelásticas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-13)
Oliveira, Robson Morijo de
;
Botaro, Vagner Roberto
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/2907189124654066
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/0811022650758269
;
Paiva, Jane Maria Faulstich de
Composite technology of a polymer matrix reinforced with artificial fibers, like fiberglass, Kevlar, carbon, etc., has become specialty in recent times moved by advances in technology in some sectors such as automotive and aerospace. The composites already have come a long way in replacing conventional materials like metals and Woods. However with the goal to reduce costs and provide a sustainable growth, science has directed his attention in reinforced compounds with renewable material such as natural fibers. In this work, a study was conducted of the dynamic behavior-mechanical and thermodynamic transitions of second order, as is the case of the glass transition temperature, matrix composite polyurethane elastomers with jute fiber reinforcement. The relaxation that occurs in glassy transition region, also called primary relaxation or relaxation α to amorphous polymers, molecular movements resulting from long distances, involving the main polymer chain segments. The matrix was formed by a MDI-BDO system provided by the company Metso Brazil, PU Division. Metso Brazil manufactures PU screens used in crushing sieves in the mining industry, and this work studied replacing the pure PU fiber by composite reinforced with jute. The material was prepared in an open heated to 100º C with controlled temperature, the system was synthesized in a mixer pre-polymer ratio automatic PU of Baulé on following conditions: MDI, 45º C to 9.5 bar; BDO, 45 C 5.7 bar and D20, 69 C a11 .2 bar. For the characterization of mechanical properties of composite dynamic-mechanical analysis was performed in tension in a temperature range of 35 to 160° C and bending creep. The results showed that the composite had formed showed lower creep deformation in bending test compared to pure polyurethane, but higher strain compared to the composite fiberglass. The flexural modulus (E ') of jute fiber composite showed a higher value at higher temperatures than the unreinforced material. The composi
O trabalho nas cozinhas de unidades escolares: impactos sobre a saúde das merendeiras em escola municipal de São Carlos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-14)
Coimbra, Fabiano Bueno
;
Camarotto, João Alberto
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/1427853773681255
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/5183162360533455
This work aims to understand the activity of people who work in food preparation at school from an understanding of the factors that influence and determine that work. The need arose from the demand of the city of São Carlos, which identified several problems faced by employees who perform the function of cook staff, problems that resulted in several complaints and absenteeism due to health problems in developing the activities and productivity. As a working methodology a case study was used through a set of data collected from a municipal school unit of São Carlos, and using methodological fundamentals of Ergonomic Work Analysis, the presented work situation was analyzed based on the fundamentals of ergonomics and situated criteria workplaces. The results are expected to generate a set of inferences and knowledge in order to serve as a basis for designing and dimensioning units of food and nutrition in public schools.
Síntese e avaliação da atividade biológica de alcaloides e derivados n-heterociclos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-14)
Duarte, Patricia Domingos
;
Corrêa, Arlene Gonçalves
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/7425467156776144
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/7086364518205814
4-Quinolinone derivatives and hydantoins are important classes of cyclic nitrogen compounds which have very interesting biological activity against a variety of biological targets. Phytochemical studies of plants of the genus Dictyoloma, guided by in vitro bioassays, led to the isolation of three new 4-quinolinone alkaloids, the dictyolomides A and B and 6- methoxydictyolomide, which showed good activity against Leishmania. The absolute configuration of the natural dictyolomides is still unkown. This work aimed the asymmetric synthesis of these alkaloids. In order to introduce the enantiomeric enriched side chains in the 4-quinolinone core, some synthetic routes have been tested employing organometallic chemistry, among other techniques. A series of 4-quinolinone derivatives was also synthesized, using methods described in the literature, especially the one described by Ding et al., in which it uses microwave irradiation. The study of the synthesis of hydantoin derivatives was also performed using microwave irradiation as a source of energy. New organocatalysts were tested in order to obtain new amino acid derivatives which would be employed as starting materials in the synthesis of hydantoins. The synthesized compounds were submitted to bioassays focus on antiparasitic activity and enzyme inhibition. The result obtained with 4- quinolinone derivatives against proliferation of Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi showed that the compounds possess in general better leishmanicidal than trypanocidal activity. Nevertheless, two of the synthesized compounds showed an excellent trypanocidal activity, even better than the standard, benznidazole. The 4- quinolinones have also shown good inhibitory activity against cathepsin L and V enzymes.
A democracia no pensamento político dos comunistas brasileiros (1979-1983)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-17)
Ramos, Carlos Alexandre
;
Cepêda, Vera Alves
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/4917331423373631
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/0352823597245001
This research investigates the "democratic issue" in the political thought of the Brazilian communists. Examines how it was conceived and treated inside and around the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) over his career, with greater interest in the period between 1979 and 1983. Seeks to demonstrate the existence of a process of emergence of "democratic issue" with its shift to the centrality of this thought. This process has been accompanied by a redefinition of the concept of democracy as the basis of their political practice. Besides extensive bibliography, sources surveyed are classified basically into three types: a) party documents, such as resolutions, reports and notes, b) publications linked to the party, such as newspapers and magazines c) theoretical production of "organic intellectuals "Party. The first chapter recalls the genesis of this thinking, identifying it in the 1940s, The second chapter discusses the formulation of the "new politics" of the PCB from 1956 with the process of "de- Stalinization" which culminates in the document known as the Declaration of March 1958. The third chapter seeks to demonstrate the "change" that suffers this thought in the "decisive moment" between 1979 and 1980, analyzing the influence of theoretical and political authors as Lukacs and Gramsci and movement Eurocommunist and also the effects of the split between Luiz Carlos Prestes and PCBs. The fourth chapter deals with the expression of this "new" thinking between 1980 and 1983, especially in the way he was treated in the newspaper Voice of Unity. The results indicate some "traces" fundamental outlined this "democratic thought." As an expression of "continuity" in relation to the genesis and development identifies the continuing design politicist understood as choice of institutional policy, the defense reiterated the broad front multiclassist and multiparty, processes Constituents and participation in elections. As expressions of "breaks" (or attempted breaches), identifies the distance of dual loyalty towards the "matrix Soviet Marxism" and how they sought to assimilate and adapt to changes in the country's political agenda, which was characterized in the last decades by a significant change in the correlation strength on the one hand, between economics and politics, and on the other, between state and society, especially the appreciation of "civil society".
Estudo comparativo de indicadores de saúde bucal em modelos assistenciais da Atenção Básica de São Carlos/SP a partir do SIA-SUS
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-17)
Magri, Laís Valencise
;
Silva, Geovani Gurgel Aciole da
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/6146469366214279
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/0408259619288134
The planning and evaluation of oral health practices are essential in the context of primary care. In this sense, the oral health indicators are important instruments for quantitative analysis, which can be used with these purposes. The aim of this study was to compare four oral health indicators [Income Indicator (II) Attrition (AI), Modified Prevention Emphasis (MPEI), Indicator Value Restoration / Extraction (IVRE), and the Relationship First Consultation/Urgency (RFCU)] in the Family Health Units (FHU) and Basic Health Units (BHU) in São Carlos/SP, in the period 2008-2011. Study participants were 15 FHU and 11 BHU. The data of the dental procedures performed were extracted from the Outpatient Information System (SIA-SUS) and the indicators were calculated according Narvai (1996). Statistical analysis was performed by Mann- Whitney test, adopting a significance level of 5%. The average (standard deviation) of II, AI, MPEI, IVRE and RFCU during the study period were, respectively, 20 (10.9), 7.5 (17.8), 0.06 (0.24); 5.2 (1.4), 0.7 (0.6) to BHU and 18.2 (12.2), 13.1 (20.1), 0.12 (0.33); 4.7 (2.1), 0.3 (0.5) for the FHU. Significant differences (p <0.05) were observed for IVRE and RFCU. It can be concluded that although BHU have shown a better performance than the FHU in São Carlos, in the period studied, the results also indicated a strengthening process of the Family Health Strategy. MPEI, AI and RFCU showed unsatisfactory results, pointing to the difficulty in implementing prevention and health promotion, difficulty in reaching the target audience and dental care focused on emergency and curative procedures. IVRE and II showed the best results, indicating high productivity in terms of dental care and a model focused on conservative practices.
Produção de penicilina G acilase por organismos geneticamente modificados
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-17)
Escallón, Ana María Vélez
;
Giordano, Raquel de Lima Camargo
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/0003899410308014
Penicillin G acilase (PGA) is a key enzyme in the industrial production of β-lactamic antibiotics. In this work, it was studied the production of PGA from Escherichia coli by recombinant E. coli and from Bacillus megaterium by recombinant B. megaterium. In E. coli, the enzyme accumulates in the periplasmic cell space, B. megaterium secretes PGA, what may reduce downstream costs. With E.coli, the study has begun at the expression step. Using a donated recombinant microorganism, it was studied, in shake flasks cultures, the influence of temperature (ranging from 18 to 28°C) during induction phase in the PGA production. High level expression of PGA E. coli was detected at 20°C, which was 4-fold superior than the volumetric enzymatic activity reached at 28°C. Fed-batch cultures were conducted with glycerol as carbon source, using both defined and complex media as well as IPTG and lactose as inducers. Final biomass concentrations of 100 gDCW/L and 120 gDCW/L and enzymatic activity 210000 and 80000 IU/L were achieved, for complex and defined media, respectively. The study with B. megaterium was initiated isolating the pac gene, encoding for PGA from B. megaterium ATCC14945, which was after cloned into the pLipAhp expression plasmid, together with the promoter gene and a gene codifying antibiotic resistance. This construct (pga-pLipAhp) was used to transform three different B. megaterium strain protoplasts, aiming studies to determine the best expression host in terms of PGA production. The tested strains, B. megaterium PV361, QM B1551 and ATCC 14945, have respectively shown about 95%, 95% and 10% plasmidial stability, after eight consecutive growths. The best PGA production was detected in PV361. Study of thermal and pH stability with the purified enzyme showed that PGA has a half-life of 5 min at 60° C, 20 min at 50° C, keeping 100% of activity for 1h at pH 10.0 and up to 8 h at pH 5.0. The values of temperature and pH for maximum PGA activity are 37° C and 8.0, respectively. The enzyme was stable at least for 5 hours in these conditions, with Michaelis-Menten estimated as Km=8.8 μM. A systematic study was developed to search the best condition to obtain the highest level of B.megaterium PGA production by recombinant B.megaterium. Media compositions for biomass and PGA production were evaluated using a genetic algorithm. The screening was carried out in 96 microtiter deep well plates, starting as a minimal medium and studying the concentration of 12 defined components. In 7 generations, 240 different kinds of media were tested for production and secretion and a 10-fold increase in PGA production and 5-fold increase in biomass compared to the previously used minimal medium could be achieved. It was scaled-up to shaker flasks obtaining 3-fold in PGA production and 1.8-fold in biomass. Later, it was scaled-up to bioreactors obtaining 3-fold in biomass and 8-fold in PGA production. Using glycerol as carbon source, it was tested different complex amino acids sources, using flask cultures. The best medium was scale-up in a 5 L bioreactor, in a batch culture with pulses. The highest production of PGA of recombinant B. megaterium achieved was 105600 IU/L and 36 gDCW/L.
Propostas para melhoria da integração entre desenvolvimento de produto e planejamento e controle da produção em ambiente ETO
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-20)
Andrade, José Henrique de
;
Fernandes, Flavio Cesar Faria
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/2346239171305383
The main objective of this thesis is to present proposals to improve the integration between Product Development (PD) and Production Planning and Control (PPC) in production systems that operate in Engineering-to-Order (ETO) environment. The specific objectives are: to develop a theoretical framework which identifies concepts and management tools applicable in business process studied that helps to explore integration opportunities; to map the studied scenario in order to understand it comprehensively in what it refers to interactions between PD and PPC; to identify the information technology tools used on studied companies, as well as ways to maximize their usage and to evaluate the proposals with the assistance of professionals who work at PD and PPC on the studied companies. The integration is critical for the production system operations performance, looking to reduce the time and costs for product placement in the market and to increase the quality of the products and services offered. To reach that goal, a literature review on the interest topics and case studies was performed to support the development of the proposals to improve the integration between PD and PPC. The case studies were carried out in large metal-mechanical companies that develop and manufacture capital goods on demand, located in the state of São Paulo. Among the proposals, models which attempt to describe, prescribe and represent aspects that can contribute to improving the integration between PD and PPC are presented, as well as a set of steps to be followed to achieve the process of improving the functional integration. It is expected that the results will contribute to a better understanding of the factors that enable a better integration between PD and PPC in this type of company as well as creating knowledge to the researched theories lines related to the topic and contribute to the management of the studied companies.
A interpretação de Mário Pedrosa sobre a revolução de 1930 e o golpe de 1964
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-20)
Vilas Boas, Josnei Di Carlo
;
Cepêda, Vera Alves
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/4917331423373631
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/6596679458742578
This dissertation aims to grasp the interpretation of Mario Pedrosa (1900-1981) about the Revolution of 1930 and the Coup of 1964 and understand its orientation to political action in opposition to the regime established by Getulio Vargas in the thirties and the Army in sixty. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, this research focuses on two moments of intellectual production of Pedrosa, the essay Esboço de uma análise da situação econômica e social do Brasil, drafted with Livio Xavier during the Revolution of 1930, and the books A opção imperialista and A opção brasileira, whose writing started soon after the Coup of 1964.
Efeitos epigenéticos sobre a diferenciação in vitro de mioblastos e a expressão dos genes CAST e CAPN1 em bovinos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-20)
Oliveira, Alexandre de Lima
;
Niciura, Simone Cristina Méo
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/3269530126090378
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/7643241588175829
Epigenetics can be defined as the study of heritable changes in phenotype without the occurrence of changes in nucleotide sequence. Epigenetic modifications occur by the chemical changes in DNA and their associated proteins, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, respectively. Meat tenderness is a trait of great interest worldwide, resulting in the development of the beef livestock sector to produce meat of quality. It is worth to highlight the role of the calpain/calpastatin system on tenderness. Calpain encoded by the CAPN1 gene plays a role in proteolysis posmortem by cleaving proteins from muscle fiber. The calpastatin encoded by the CAST gene, on the other hand, acts controlling this cleavage by blocking the action of calpain. In addition, this system is also involved in myoblast differentiation into myotubes during embryogenesis. This system controls the proteolysis of proteins that constitute the cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane. To mimic the myotube formation during embryogenesis and to study the epigenetic control of CAPN1 and CAST gene expression, satellite cell cultures established from bovine muscle were kept undifferentiated (negative control) or were induced to differentiate by incubation with culture medium containing 2% fetal bovine serum in the absence (positive control) or after treatment with epigenetic modifiers like 5-Aza- 2'-deoxycytidine (Aza, DNA demethylating) for 48 h at 10 μM, and Trichostatin A (TSA, histone acetylating) for 24 h at 50 nM. The results showed no differences (p>0.05) in myoblast rate fusion between Aza, TSA and positive control groups, but there were differences (p>0.05) when these groups were compared to the negative control, which showed lower fusion rates. There was no difference (p>0.05) in cell viability among the four groups, showing that Aza and TSA were not cytotoxic at the used concentrations. Concerning the gene expression, the gene CAST was more expressed (p<0,05) in the positive control group than the negative one; but no differences were seen in the expression (p>0,05) between positive control, 5-Aza-2 - deoxycytidine and Trichostatin A groups. For the CAPN1 gene, no difference was seen in the expression (p>0,05) between negative and positive control groups, but the CAPN1 gene was more expressed (p<0,05) in the 5-Aza-2 -deoxycytidine and Trichostatin A treatments relative to the positive control group. When the expression ratio of CAPN1/CAST were compared between treatments, was seen more expression (p<0,05) in the positive control group both comparing with negative control group and with 5-Aza-2 -deoxycytidine and Trichostatin A treatments. We may conclude that the treatments with the epigenetic modifier agents didn't affect both the bovine myoblast differentiation into myotubes and the CAST gene expression, but did in the CAPN1 gene expression and so did in the expression ratio of CAPN1/CAST.
Análise foliar de plantas por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma induzido por laser (LIBS) e com plasma acoplado indutivamente após ablação com laser (LA-ICP OES)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-20)
Gomes, Marcos da Silva
;
Krug, Francisco José
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/5462034099753487
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/6690089613051332
It has been demonstrated that laser induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) can be used as an alternative method for the determination of macro (P, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (B, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn) in pellets of plant materials. However, information is required regarding the sample preparation for plant analysis by LIBS. In this work, methods involving cryogenic grinding and planetary ball milling were evaluated for leaves comminution before pellets preparation. The particle sizes were associated to chemical sample properties such as fiber and cellulose contents, as well as to pellets porosity and density. The pellets were ablated at 30 different sites by applying 25 laser pulses per site (Nd:YAG@1064 nm, 5 ns, 10 Hz, 25 J cm-2). The plasma emission collected by lenses was directed through an optical fiber towards a high resolution Echelle spectrometer equipped with an ICCD. Delay time and integration time gate were fixed at 2.0 and 4.5 μs, respectively. Experiments carried out with pellets of sugarcane, orange tree and soy leaves showed a significant effect of the plant species for choosing the most appropriate grinding conditions. By using ball milling with agate materials, 20 min grinding for orange tree and soy, and 60 min for sugarcane leaves led to particle size distributions generally lower than 75 μm. Cryogenic grinding yielded similar particle size distributions after 10 min for orange tree, 20 min for soy and 30 min for sugarcane leaves. There was up to 50% emission signal enhancement on LIBS measurements for most elements by improving particle size distribution and consequently the pellet porosity. Calibration is still a challenging task when dealing with the direct analysis of solids. This is particularly true for LIBS, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma optical xix emission spectrometry (LA-ICP OES) / mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), when the calibrations are matrix-dependent and/or appropriate certified reference materials are generally not available. Looking at the analysis of plant materials in the form of pressed pellets by LIBS, a new method to overcome and/or minimize this difficulty is proposed by keeping the matrix constant in order to produce matrix-matched calibration pellets. To achieve this goal and to test this novel approach, ground sugar cane leaves were chosen and submitted to acid extractions for obtaining the corresponding blank or a material containing very low concentrations of the analytes. The resulting dried solid material was used either as a blank or a low concentration standard, and also homogeneously mixed with the original plant material at appropriate ratios as well. The corresponding pellets were used as calibration standards and ablated at 30 different sites by applying 25 laser pulses per site with a Q-switched Nd:YAG at 1064 nm. The plasma emission collected by lenses was directed through an optical fiber towards a spectrometer equipped with Echelle optics and intensified charge-coupled device. Delay time and integration time gate were fixed at 2.0 and 5.0 μs, respectively. This calibration strategy was tested for the determination of Ca, Mg, K, P, Cu, Mn, and Zn by LIBS in pellets of 17 varieties of sugar cane leaves and good correlations were obtained with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry results in the corresponding acid digests. The proposed approach was also useful to estimate the limits of detection based on measurements of blanks, as recommended by IUPAC, or with the aid of a low concentration standard. The utility of LA-ICP OES for the determination of macro- (Ca, K, P and Mg) and micronutrients (B, Mn, Fe and Zn) in plant materials is reported, for the first time. Plant leaves of orange citrus, soy and sugar cane were ground in a cutting mill and further homogenized using a high-speed ball mill for between 5 to 120 min to investigate the effect of particle size diameter on the element signal emission intensities for the analytical method. The samples were pressed into pellets for 5 min at 0.3 ton cm-2 and ablated as 10 replicates by applying 500 laser pulses per replicate. Although particle size did decrease as total mill time increased, the difference in distribution did not have a significant statistical influence on the results. The best sensitivity and precision were observed by using a fluence of 9.0 J cm-2 for the LA-ICP OES at 10 Hz. The calibration strategy was based on the use of different certified reference materials prior to pelletizing and to create calibration curves, while Sc was generally used as an internal standard in the matrix to account for any differences in laser-material interactions. Typical precision and accuracy values were determined to be <6% and 8%. Limits of detection were determined to be ~ 14 mg kg-1 Ca, 94 mg kg-1 K, 5.0 mg kg-1 Mg, 10 mg kg-1 P, 0.2 mg kg-1 B, 0.8 mg kg-1 Fe, 2.0 mg kg-1 Mn and 0.1 mg kg-1 Zn, resulting in a method that is fit for the purpose of the analysis of macro- and micro nutrients in plant material.
Complexos de rutênio com ligantes de interesse biológico: aspectos químicos, estruturais e avaliação de suas atividades biológicas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-20)
Corrêa, Rodrigo de Souza
;
Batista, Alzir Azevedo
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/6469642481998660
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/9747718970743175
This thesis focus on the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the biological properties of three series of phosphinic ruthenium complexes containing bioligands of purine and pyrimidine derivatives. Series 1: [RuCl(alo)(dppb)(bipy)]PF6, [RuCl(alo)(dppb)(bipy)] Cl, [RuCl(alo)(dppb)(4mebipy)]PF6, [RuCl(alo)(dppb)(5mebipy)]PF6, [RuCl(Im) (dppb)(bipy)]PF6, [RuCl(Bzm)(dppb)(bipy)]PF6, [RuCl2(alo)2(dppb)], [RuCl2(alo)2 (PPh3)2] and [RuCl3(alo)(dppb)], where alo = allopurinol, Im = imidazole, benzimidazole Bzm =, bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine, 4mebipy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2 '-bipyridine, 5mebipy = 5,5'-dimethyl-2, 2'- bipyridine, PPh3 = triphenylphosphine and dppb = 1,4-bis (diphenylphosphino)butane. Series 2: [Ru(tim)(dppb)(bipy)]PF6 and [Ru(cit)(dppb)(bipy)]ClO4, trans- [Ru(PPh3)2(5FU)(bipy)]PF6, trans-[Ru(PPh3)2(tim) (bipy)]PF6 and trans- [Ru(PPh3)2(CTD)(bipy)]ClO4, where tim = thymine, cit = cytosine, 5-FU = 5-fluorouracil, CTD = cytidine . Series 3: cis-[Ru(PPh3)2(2TU)2], cis-[Ru(PPh3)2(6m2TU)2], [Ru(2TU)2(dppb)] and [Ru(6m2TU)2(dppb )], trans-[Ru(PPh3)2(2TU)(bipy)]PF6 and trans- [Ru(PPh3)2(6m2TU)(bipy)]PF6, [Ru(2MT)(dppb) (bipy)]PF6, cis-[Ru(PPh3)2(2MT)2] and trans-[Ru(PPh3)2(2MT)(bipy)]PF6. (2TU = 2-thiouracil; 6m2TU = 6-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2MT = mercaptothiazoline). These compounds were characterized by 31P{1H} 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse, conductometry, absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and Xray diffraction, and absorption spectroscopy in the UV/Vis which has assisted the spectroscopic study of DNA interactions. The interaction constants (Kb) values are in the range of 103-104 M-1, suggesting a weak interaction between the complex and DNA (noncovalent). Cationic compounds with regions suitable to be involved hydrogen bonding present greater interaction constant (104 M-1) than the neutral complexes and with less possibility of intermolecular bonds. The complexes were also evaluated, in vitro, against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), as well as fibroblasts cells (L-929). It was observed that the compounds of the series 1 and 2 are more selective against tumor cells than the complexes of series 3. In addition, the compounds of series 1 were also tested against xanthine oxidase, an enzyme which is directly involved in the gout disease. The complexes RuCl(alo)(dppb)(bipy)]PF6 (IC50 = 2.2 μM), [RuCl(alo)(dppb)(4mebipy)]PF6 (IC50 = 2.8 μM) and [RuCl(alo)(dppb)(5mebipy)]PF6 (IC50 = 0.75 μM) are more active than free allopurinol (IC50 = 4.2 μM), showing that the coordination of allopurinol enhances the effect of the drug. Also, series 1 and compounds with 2MT were evaluated against the T. cruzi parasite (trypomastigote) in order to screening their potential against Chagas' disease. The [RuCl(alo)(dppb)(4mebipy)]PF6 (IC50 = 1.87 μM), [Ru(2MT)(dppb)(bipy)]PF6 (IC50 = 0.16 μM) and trans-[Ru(PPh3)2(2MT)(bipy)]PF6 (IC50 = 0.011 μM) complexes were the most active ones, in which the last one is 1000-fold better than the benznidazole drug (IC50 = 10.6 μM).
Simplificação do processo de conversão de biomassa a etanol usando enzimas do meio fermentado integral de fungos filamentosos cultivados por fermentação em estado sólido
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-20)
Pirota, Rosangela Donizete Perpetua Buzon
;
Farinas, Cristiane Sanchez
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/9933650905615452
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/9621492074206110
The main challenge on the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into liquid fuels is the economic viability of this process. Thus, the commercialization of lignocellulosic ethanol is hindered mainly by the high costs of the enzyme preparations currently available cellulases - enzymes used in the saccharification step. Some strategies that can be adopted to reduce the enzymes costs include selecting microorganisms, use of cheaper raw materials and more efficient fermentation strategies such as the solid state fermentation (SSF) and efficient techniques for saccharification and fermentation. The aim this work was evaluate the use of the whole fermentation medium containing lignocellulosic biomass, fungal mycelium and enzymes in the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse pretreated by steam explosion for cellulosic ethanol production. In this context, a selection of filamentous fungi highly producing cellulases and hemicellulases, optimization operating conditions, such as humidity and temperature, were carried out for in house enzyme production using an instrumented bioreactor. Then, the efficiency of the whole fermentation medium and enzyme extract in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for cellulosic ethanol production was evaluated. Among the 40 fungal strains evaluated, two strains of A. oryzae (P6B2 and P27C3A) stood out. In addition, one strain of A. niger 3T5B8 and another of T. reesei RUT C30 were also evaluated in this study. The influence of the substrate initial moisture content and temperature on efficiency of cellulase and xylanase production by strains of A. oryzae, A. niger and T. reesei grown in SSF under conditions of forced aeration and static were evaluated. The initial moisture content of the substrate did not affect the production of cellulases and xylanases by strain of A. oryzae P27C3A, however higher moisture was better for enzyme production by strains of A. oryzae P6B2 and A. niger and lower moisture were better for the production of cellulases and xylanases by T. reesei in both cultive systems. Temperature 28°C was best for xylanase production by all the fungal strains, while higher temperatures was better cellulases production in both culture systems. The use of whole fermented medium of A. niger or T. reesei obtained in the bioreactor were better in the hydrolysis sugarcane bagasse pretreated by steam explosion (BPSE) than the enzymatic extract with a final conversion of 41.3 and 24.9% of theoretical, respectively. The combination of whole fermentation medium of strains of A. oryzae (P6B2 or P27C3A) obtained in flasks and ½ commercial enzyme hydrolysis also were efficient on BPSE hydrolysis (26.1 and 42.4% of theoretical, respectively). Nevertheless, the combination of whole fermented medium of A. oryzae P6B2 and enzymatic extract of A. niger obtained in flasks promoted a conversion of 65% and an ethanol yield of 84% of the theoretical value. As overall conclusion it was found that the use of whole fermented medium produced by fungi cultivated under solid state fermentation (SSF) in the BPSE hydrolysis resulted in similar or higher yields compared to the hydrolysis using the enzyme extract, giving clear indication that the extraction/filtration step of the enzyme can be eliminated. The use of the enzyme complex of A. oryzae P6B2 in combination with the enzymes of A. niger resulted in a BPSE hydrolysis more efficient when compared with other combinations, showing the importance of selecting microorganisms for high enzymes production. Moreover, the use of a single reactor system for performing enzyme production steps by SSF, saccharification and alcoholic fermentation may be performed, avoiding the need for steps separation.
Aplicação de técnicas de modelagem e simulação para a produção de etanol de segunda geração
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-20)
Montaño, Inti Doraci Cavalcanti
;
Giordano, Roberto de Campos
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/8547423775951223
The use of fossil fuels has a significant impact on the environment, making biofuels a renewable and friendly alternative. Brazil, as one of the leading producers of sugar and ethanol, generates as main residue sugar cane bagasse, which is usually burned for power generation. However, this biomass can be reused as raw material for the production of second generation bioethanol (2G). The consolidation of the industrial production of second-generation (2G) bioethanol relies on the improvement of the economics of the process. Thus, it is important the use of both the fermentable fractions present in sugarcane bagasse, cellulose (C6) and hemicellulose (C5), for the economically feasible process. Within this general scope, the second chapter of this thesis addresses one aspect that impacts the costs of the biochemical route for producing 2G bioethanol: defining optimal operational policies for the reactor running the enzymatic hydrolysis of the C6 biomass fraction. A simple Michaelis Menten pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model with product inhibition was used in the dynamic modeling of a fed-bath reactor, and two feeding policies were implemented and validated in bench-scale reactors processing pre-treated sugarcane bagasse. The first policy was defined with the purpose of sustaining high rates of glucose production, adding enzyme (Accellerase® 1500) and substrate simultaneously during the reaction course. The second approach applied classical optimal control theory, for determining optimal substrate feeding profiles, in order to maximize the performance index proposed. Economical criteria were used for comparing the reactor performance operating in successive batches and in fed-batch modes. Fed-batch mode was less sensitive to enzyme prices than successive batches. Process intensification in the fed-batch reactor led to final glucose concentrations around 200 g/L. The third chapter, in turn, focuses on the xylose utilization, the main sugar found in the C5 fraction, for fermentation to ethanol by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although this yeast is not capable of fermenting xylose, it is able to ferment D-xylulose obtained by isomerisation of xylose by glucose isomerase enzyme, generating ethanol and/or xylitol as the main products. The optimization of ethanol production requires the analysis of the metabolism of xylulose. In this context, the genome-scale metabolic model iND750 was adjusted. In silico experiments were carried out using the software OptFlux and compared with experimental data of batch cultivation of S. cerevisiae, in order to validate the model and establishing relationships between fluxes of assimilating xylulose and oxygen and selectivity in the production of ethanol compared to xylitol. Experiments of simultaneous isomerization and fermentation (SIF) of xylose were carried out in a continuous bioreactor containing alginate pellets as biocatalyst with enzyme glucose isomerase and S. cerevisiae coimobilizated. Final concentrations of 6 g/L of ethanol and 5 g/L of xylitol were achieved in continuous cultivation.