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Singularidade e universalidade em A interpretação dos sonhos, de Sigmund Freud
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-26) Mattos, André Santana; Monzani, Luiz Roberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2036732603638197; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0371831964052713
In The interpretation of dreams, Freud presents a rich material of dream analyses, which is articulated with the establishment of general theses about the dream, leading into the metapsychological formulations about the psychic apparatus carried out in the seventh and last chapter. With the purpose of investigating the relations between singularity and universality that are characterized in the book, we have distinguished, among these three epistemic planes, two moments where it is constituted, in which one of them, a relation between two of those planes. In the first moment, we have analyzed the relation that finds itself in the domain between one dream and all dreams, i.e., between the detailed analysis of a singular dream and the general theses about the dream. We have identified that in the articulation between these two terms Freud makes use of the profound analysis of singular cases, taken as exemplar cases that present more clearly a determinate general characteristic of dream, but he also extends himself in brief analyses of various dreams, dwelling on the plurality of experience that articulates itself to a general thesis. In a second moment we have analyzed the relations that are at stake when we take the dream as one psychic formation among others, establishing epistemic relations with the psychopathological formations and with the psychic apparatus, which should be responsible for all psychic formations. While Freud initially intends to base the explication of psychopathological formations in the explication of dream, this epistemic order is inverted, in so far as it is based on the psychology of neurosis that he is going to justify the universality of the presence of the infantile desire on dream. In the same way, while a first reading that tried to understand the schema of the psychic apparatus only based on the interpretation of dreams would find its limit, it is necessary to recognize that there is a reciprocal subordination between the interpretation and the metapsychological explanation, as asserted by Monzani.
Estudo da atividade eletrocatalítica de multicamadas metálicas de Ir/Pt e Cu/Pt eletrodepositadas sobre Pt(policristalina) para eletrooxidação de moléculas orgânicas pequenas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-09-26) Antunes, Ettore Paredes; Souza, Ernesto Chaves Pereira de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1505400360366643; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5717478112353570
The search for alternative energy sources stead fossil fuel has driven the development of new energy generating devices. Among these, the Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells are a kind of device that directly convert chemical energy into electricity from short chain alcohols. However, it is necessary to develop electrodes with high catalytic activity. Several materials composed by Pt have been proposed in the literature in different metallic binary and tertiary compositions Metallic Multilayer (MM) systems. In this dissertation, were fabricated MM electrodes containing deposits of thin alternating layers of Ir/Pt, PtIr/Pt and Cu/Pt, all above Pt polycrystalline by chronoamperometry. We have used the technique of Factorial Design for screening the following variables: intermediate and external layers thickness and composition of the intermediate layers. For the electrooxidation of ethylene glycol, the structure that showed the highest electrocatalytic effect was Pt/Ir3.0/Pt3.0 (3.0 is the thickness of each layer in monolayers) that shows an increase of peak current density of 175% and lower activation energy about 26.2 kJ mol-1. Electrooxidation was monitored by FTIR in situ and was observed an increase of 255% on CO production of species during electrooxidation and anticipation in the process of formation of CO2 by 100 mV. The proposed structures for Cu/Pt MM were not formed, which was confirmed by AFM images, but clustered in grain, and the electrode Pt/Cu1,5/Pt9,0 grew by 78% in the peak current density in the electrooxidation methanol and also shift 200 mV to cathodic potentials in CO electrooxidation. Although these studies have not reached a definitive explanation, though the results were added to the dissertation.