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Demanda e intensidade do uso de materiais básicos em economias recentemente industrializadas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-11-08) Souza, Daniela Tatiane de; Pinho, Marcelo Silva; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5744234670546601
This thesis aims to assess the evolution of the long-term dynamics of demand for basic materials caused by the growth of some newly industrialized countries, especially China. The underlying assumption is that the demand for materials may vary according to the level of economic development. One of the possible effects of Chinese growth on the Brazilian economy is the re-insertion into the world economy through the supply of basic commodities. Despite strong dynamical effects that the growth of demand for these materials has exercised in this century on several economies producing these goods, it remains the question about the long-term continuity of this movement. The historical experience of the most advanced countries points to the prospect of decrease in intensity of use of some materials as a result of changes in consumption patterns. It should therefore assess whether, in a wider horizon, this reduction can spread through some newly industrializing economies and limit the dynamism whose international insertion is specialized in supplying these materials. For this, the research methodology relied on reviews of the literature on the theory of development and intensity of materials use in countries with different degrees of industrialization. Moreover, empirical surveys allowed to compose a framework of quantitative information for paper and paperboard, steel, cement and aluminum that served as input for the construction of indicators of intensity of use. The conclusions of the study point to a decrease in the intensity of use in developed countries, featuring an ongoing process of dematerialization. Already in some newly industrializing economies like China, in two of the four studied materials - cement and steel - the perspective is clearly exhaustion of the dynamism due to the growth in Chinese consumption.
Padrões de muda de penas e reprodução em aves florestais no parque estadual Carlos Botelho, estado de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-11-08) Medolago, Cesar Augusto Bronzatto; Piratelli, Augusto João; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4747322084219058; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9388754660245476; Francisco, Mercival Roberto; Franchin, Alexandre Gabriel; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7942563013305204
This study aims to describe the pattern of moulting and reproduction, evaluating their temporal overlap in an assembly of birds in the Atlantic Forest. These events tend to have little or no overlap due to high energy costs involved, but some authors argue that in tropical regions, they may present a significant overlap, since the period of resource abundance would be longer in this region. We also noticed the amount of fat deposition, because this phenomenon is important in thermo-isolation, energy reserves and development of egg-yolk. It is possible that environmental variables act directly on the breeding period of birds, which in turn influences the moult, it is expected that this starts right after the breeding season, when the young leave their nests. There taking into account that ecological groups, such as trophic guilds, may show different patterns for the periods, since the supply of food resources varies temporally in a different way for each group. It were determined five areas in Carlos Botelho State Park , state of São Paulo ( 24 ° 06 ' 55'' , 24 º 14' 41'' S , 47 º 47 ' 18'' and 48 º 07' 17'' W), which were sampled from June 2012 to May 2013, once a month, during the daytime, using lines with ten mist nets (3x12m , mesh 36mm ). Each bird was received a numbered metal band provided by CEMAVE. With a total of 4650 mistnet-hours were held 700 catches and 130 were recaptures, totaling 54 species, all residents. The period of moult of flight concentrated from November to April, with its peak in February. Incubation began in August, with the highest percentage of individuals presenting brood patch occurred in the months of November and December, declining from February, when the percentage of young individuals in the assemblage began to increase. The highest percentage of individuals with fat deposition occurred in the months comprising the coldest period of the year. The incubation period began at the end of the dry season, increasing with the photoperiod, reaching its peak in November. Thus, the young individuals leave their nests in the beginning of the hot season, when the supply of food resources would be higher, which would support the new individuals in the community as well as the start of moult period. There was little difference in the incubation period and fat deposition between trophic guilds and no difference in their moult period. The overlap between the events found in this study was 7 %, which confirms the tendency to avoid the overlap of these cycles, even in tropical regions, such as the Atlantic Forest, due to high energy costs involved.
Relaxação estrutural em ligas vítreas e parcialmente cristalizadas do sistema Cu-Zr-Al através da técnica de espectroscopia mecânica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-11-08) Marques, Paulo Wilmar Barbosa; Florêncio, Odila; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9659972316642270; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4736945727883535
In recent years the study of bulk metallic glasses (BMG) is being of great scientific and technological interest due to their unique properties (the lack of long range atomic order in the structure and compositional homogeneity similar to the liquid state). These alloys show better mechanical properties, superior corrosion resistance, high yield stress and fracture toughness, if compared to their crystalline counterparts. However, a physical understanding of disordered structure and how it affects the properties of metallic glasses is still considered one of the great challenges in Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science. Since the Mechanical Spectroscopy technique is sensitive to phase transitions and dynamical processes, it provides the anelastic spectra (internal friction and oscillation frequency) as function of temperature, through which relevant informations to the understanding of structural and vibrational changes of metallic glasses are obtained. In this study, the mechanical spectroscopy technique was used to investigate dynamic processes related to elastic and electronic contributions of atomic motions and clusters, as well as other changes in the atomic bonds on the glassy and partially crystallized alloys of the ternary system Cu-Zr-Al. The samples were obtained combining criteria of the minimum topological instability and the average electronegativity (λmin∙Δē), and were investigated at temperatures above and below room temperature (300 K) with applied frequencies in Hz, kHz and MHz magnitude order. Above room temperature, the application of alternated stresses in the order of Hz and KHz allowed us to observe structural changes involving atomic rearrangements due to anelastic, viscoelastic and thermoelastic aspects present in the relaxation process. In this temperature range, the viscoelastic and thermoelastic character overlaps the anelastic relaxation mechanisms that could be observed in metallic glasses. Analysis of samples with nominal composition Cu54Zr40Al6 - nanocrystalline and vitreous - show that the anelastic relaxation processes begin below room temperature, and are dependent of the applied frequency. When the applied frequencies are in the Hz magnitude order, some clusters have their shell affected by the alternate elastic stresses. When the samples are excited with kHz order of magnitude frequencies, two well-defined relaxation centers will appear. This phenomenon is caused by the movement of clusters which are created and annihilated at the same time the stress is applied. When the applied stresses are of MHz magnitude order, the clusters are rearranged in a more efficient way, in which the less stable clusters involving Zr are annihilated and clusters with Al or Cu at their centers are reordered in order to promote the stability of the icosahedral structure embedded in the amorphous matrix. Under applied mechanical energy corresponding to the MHz frequencies, more stable structures are created and the clusters approach, interact and interpenetrate each other, giving rise to the free bond planes where the superclusters rearrange leading to the formation of medium range chains. Under persistent mechanical stimulation in MHz, the structures begin to form long-range order that lead to formation of the first crystalline precipitates. Those purely anelastic relaxation mechanisms are initiated at low temperatures, and in most cases, it´s not possible to observe them at higher temperatures due to the viscoelastic and thermoelastic character, which generally occur simultaneously in metallic glasses.
Produção e análise de mídias sobre o tema aquecimento global para a divulgação e o ensino de química
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-11-08) Pianheri, Anieli; Zuin, Vânia Gomes; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5265150425993880; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1662046611742343
The scientific concepts learning process associated to currently and relevant themes provides a better understanding by the individual, and especially by the students whose knowledge is associated to school program. Therefore, the pedagogical role development associated to high school chemical structures studies in school curriculum for science popularization in different kinds of media such as video, simulations, images and games becomes very important especially in places focusing non-formal and informal education, considering a large number of students and visitors of the science centers. In this sense, were developed and evaluated didactic-pedagogical chemical contents towards climate change into Complexo Integrado de Educação, Ciência e Cultura (CIECC) of São José do Rio Preto (SP), using qualitative research methodology. The medias produced fun shows and interactive / educational issue, through which visitors (especially students from public and private basic education) can reflect on human activities and their contributions as well as to know and discuss the role paper of chemistry in this issue, in addition to learning chemistry concepts using references such as virtual medias. The results obtained related to global warming concepts showed the student and visitor´s interests who claimed to be a properly way to promote scientific literacy.
Avaliação multicriterial na definição de áreas protegidas, no município de Piedade - SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-11-08) Sumida, Simone Sayuri; Tonello, Kelly Cristina; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3844965971290638; Valente, Roberta Averna; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1582627535733911; Faria, Luiz Carlos de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2656343277991754; Vettorazzi, Carlos Alberto; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5479626156121416
Fragmentation, degradation of habitats, overexploitaton of species and introduction of exotic species are some of the main threats to biodiversity, as a consequence of the human consumption and expansion needs. The local preservation or preservation in situ , through the establishment of legally protected areas is one way to mitigate the expansion of these activities. Piedade municipality presents a set of favorable conditions to establish protected areas: the urbanization is relatively low, native forest remnants occupy approximately 25% of the municipal area, and there are two relevant protected areas with portions within its boundaries: the Environmental Protection Area of Itupararanga, in the northeastern part, and, the State Park of Jurupará, in the southeastern portion. The protected areas in general occupy extensive areas, with different patches, forming a landscape mosaic, and can be studied by Geospatial Technologies, specially through one of its main techniques, the Geographic Information System (GIS), which allows the aggregation of factors through different approaches. Multicriteria evaluation (MCE) is one of those approaches, which transforms and combines different factors, considering their relevance and their respective levels of influence on the production of solutions / alternatives for decision making. In this context, the purpose of this study was to define priority areas for protection, in the Piedade municipality, through the Multicriteria evaluation (MCE). The specific objective was to identify the importance and influence of the selected factors on the decision support process and to evaluate which methods of MCE is appropriated to this study: Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) or Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA). We defined the criteria and theirs weights using the Participatory Technique. The result was one map of priority areas through WLC and two maps through OWA, with similar degrees of tradeoffs and different degrees of risk to the decision support. The methods (WLC and OWA) enable the definition of priority areas for protection, although the WLC proposes a less detailed solution, which can result in uncertainties in landscape planning. The OWA offers different solutions, considering the risk-taking and factors tradeoffs, providing a greater number of possible answers to the question of interest. The map with low risk-taking was the more appropriated to define priority areas for protection in the Piedade municipality, SP.