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Epifitismo vascular e estado de conservação de fragmentos florestais na Bacia Hidrográfica do Sorocaba/Médio Tietê, São Paulo, Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-11-27) Bataghin, Fernando Antonio; Pires, José Salatiel Rodrigues; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1364436595052131
About 10 % of all vascular plants in the world are epiphytes. Vascular epiphytes settle on the host trees (phorophytes) without producing haustorial structures, aiming to increase access to sunlight, even at the expense of humidity. The present study aimed to characterize the floristic, structure and spatial distribution of the vascular epiphytic community in protected and unprotected forest fragments located in the Sorocaba/Médio Tietê watershed (22º30 to 23º45 S, and 48º15 to 47º00 W). Given the size of the watershed it presents unique phytosociological conditions showing three vegetation types, allowing its division into downstream area, central area and upstream area, according to the characteristic vegetation of each area. The survey was conducted in 21 sampling sites (forest fragments), namely, seven in each area of the watershed. The vascular epiphyte component was quantitatively evaluated in 1090 phorophytes with DBH ≥ 20 cm and distributed in 12 sites (90 phorophytes each site and four sites in each area). The phorophytes were divided into six strata where the abundance of epiphytic species were recorded. In the total watershed 176 species, 66 genera and 14 families were recorded. The Shannon index for the watershed was H' = 3.695, the equability (J) = 0.713 and Margalef richness index (d) was 18.39. In the downstream area 56 species, 28 genera and nine families were found, with Shannon index H' = 2.948, equability J = 0.732 and Margalef richness d = 6.470. In this same area, 64% of species were anemochoric and 36% zoochoric, and the abundance of vascular epiphytes did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) among the Core Site (UC) and its replicas, however, there was significant difference (p < 0.05) between richness observed in the Core Site and its replicas, except the Replica II Site. In the downstream area, vertical distribution of vascular epiphytes varied significantly (p < 0.05) only between the Core Site and Replica I Site. For the Central Area 64 species, 32 genera and nine families were registered. H' = 2.872, J = 0.686 and d = 7.605. Regarding the dispersion syndrome, 56% of the species are anemochoric and 44%, zoochoric. There is a significant difference (p < 0.05) among the richness of the Core Site and Replica II and Replica III Sites, but no significant variation (p> 0.05) among the abundance of the Site Core and its replicas, nor between the vertical distribution of vascular epiphytes of the Core Site and its three replicas in the Central Area. In the upstream area 139 species, 61 genera and 14 families were found, with Shannon diversity index H'= 3.659, equability J = 0.742 and Margalef richness index d = 16.17. In this same area, 68% of the species showed anemochory and 32%, zoochory. The abundance of vascular epiphytes did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) among the Core Site and its Replica Sites, but the richness varied significantly (p < 0.01) among Core Site from all its replicas. There is a significant difference between the vertical distribution of vascular epiphytes occurring on the Core Site and its three replicas (p > 0.05) in the upstream area. Of the total of 176 species observed in the watershed, more than two thirds are anemochoric. The highest floristic similarity was observed between the downstream area and the central area, in turn, the upstream area had the highest number of exclusive species (94 spp.). No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed between the distribution of abundance of vascular epiphytes on the different areas of watershed. The richness of the upstream 4 area was significantly different from the two other areas of the watershed, however, the central and downstream areas showed no significant difference between them. The vertical distribution of epiphytes were differently between the upstream and downstream areas, and between the central and upstream areas (p = 0.0001), but similar between the central and downstream areas (p > 0.05). The results emphasize the idea of dependence of the epiphytic community on atmospheric humidity. Among the main defining features of vascular epiphyte diversity of this study, the following should be highlighted: phytophysiognomic characteristics of the forest areas, macroclimatic factors (especially water seasonality) and factors influencing the microclimate of the fragments as the reduction of the structural complexity and the occurrence of forest edges. Regarding conservation, the presence of 50 species under some degree of threat should provide a strong argument for the conservation of forest fragments in the Sorocaba/Médio Tietê watershed.
Avaliação cinemática 3D e eletromiográfica durante a elevação do braço em portadores de osteoartrose acromioclavicular isolada e associada à disfunção do manguito rotador
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-11-27) Sousa, Catarina de Oliveira; Salvini, Tânia de Fátima; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5522647106933904
The acromioclavicular osteoarthritis (ACO) is a source of shoulder pain, that can occur in isolation or be associated with rotator cuff dysfunction (RCD). Individuals with RCD present altered shoulder kinematics and muscle activity. However, there are not studies that have been evaluated shoulder kinematics and muscle activity in ACO conditions. Thus, the prime purpose of this Doctorate project was to evaluate the three-dimensional shoulder motion and muscle activity during the arm elevation in individuals with isolated ACO and ACO associated with rotator cuff disease (ACO+RCD), as compared to controls. The study was divided in two parts: Part 1 - Three-dimensional shoulder kinematics; and Part 2 - Muscle activity. 74 individuals took part in this study (23 isolated ACO, 25 ACO+RCD, and 26 controls). Pain and function were assessed with Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, threedimensional shoulder kinematics of scapulothoracic, sternoclavicular, and acromioclavicular joints was evaluated with surface electromagnetic sensors, and surface electromyography of upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), serratus anterior (SA), and anterior deltoid (AD) data was collected with Bagnoli-8 (DelSys®) system and synchronized via Motion Monitor software. The individuals were evaluated during arm elevation (ascending and descending phases) in sagittal and scapular planes, and pain during motion was assessed with 0-10 scale. Group comparisons were made for the DASH and pain with Kruskay-Wallis tests, and for each muscle during the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) with one-way ANOVA. For each kinematic variable and muscle during the motion, separate linear mixed-model 2-way ANOVAs were performed. Both groups with ACO had higher DASH and pain scores. For the scapulothoracic motion, isolated ACO group had increased internal rotation than control, and the ACO+RCD group presented increased upward rotation than others. For sternoclavicular joint, both groups with ACO presented less retraction in the sagittal plane, and the isolated ACO group presented less elevation in scapular plane, and posterior rotation in both planes. For acromioclavicular joint, the isolated ACO group presented increased upward rotation, and both groups with ACO presented increased posterior tilting in sagittal plane. There was not difference between groups for MVIC. ACO+RCD group had more UT activity than the isolated ACO and control, more AD activity than the ACO during ascending phase, and more AD activity than the ACO and controls during descending phase in both planes. Isolated ACO group had less SA activity than control only during ascending phase in sagittal plane. Patients with ACO had altered shoulder kinematics and muscle activity, which may represent compensatory responses as an attempt to reduce pain.
Desenvolvimento e avaliação toxicológica de filmes proteicos com adição de nanofibras de celulose para recobrimento de frutos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013-11-27) Corrêa, Tassiane Regina Alves; Bernardes Filho, Rubens; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4955439483175452; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7492548149311893
Brazil is a major producer of fruit, but the losses related to postharvest handling are considerable high, and it is important to develop methods to reduce them. Analysis techniques were used is the application of edible coatings in order to increase the shelf life of the fruit. This study evaluated the use of zein based films, storage proteins from corn, with the addition of plasticizers and cellulose nanofibers, for covering pears and apples. The zein are hydrophobic proteins and can form a barrier against moisture loss and gas exchange, thus reducing the rate of fruit respiration and consequently increasing it`s shelf life. The filmogenic solutions tested were obtained using 4% zein with addition of different concentrations of cellulose nanofibers and plasticizers. The solutions were applied on apples and pears by immersion. Fruits were evaluated for weight loss, appearance and texture, where it was shown that the optimal concentration was 4% + 0.1% zein cellulose nanofibers + 0.5% oleic acid, as obtained an increase of about 30 days the shelf life of fruit in addition there was better preservation of fruits in natural color and texture compared to other concentrations. For this we use techniques: colorimetry, texturometer and monitoring of mass loss. For characterization of the films were used analysis techniques and contact angle atomic force microscopy, where we also observe that the best result for these two parameters was the movie 4% zein + 0.1% cellulose nanofibers and 0.5% oleic acid, because the films were less hydrophilic and more homogeneous. To evaluate the toxicity of produced film an experiment was conducted with male Wistar rats that were divided into two groups: the first group was fed with feed coated with filmogenic solution, and the second group received a diet without coating. During the experiment they documented the intake of food and water, and collected all excrement. After the experiment various organs were collected for analysis. The results of this experiment indicated that the solution filmogenic showed no toxic effect on the mice. The results of the experiments with the fruit specified the solutions were more efficient for the preservation of fruit quality in the study.