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Degradação eletroquímica do antibiótico ciprofloxacina utilizando eletrodos de diamante dopado com boro e dióxido de chumbo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-04-30) Wächter, Naihara; Rocha Filho, Romeu Cardozo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5200717413563550; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8530485242303522
Initial potentials for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of 2.23, 2.30, 2.36, and ~1.55 V vs. Ag/AgCl (3 mol L 1 KCl) were obtained by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) in 0.1 mol L 1 Na2SO4 for the 2500, 100, and 500 ppm BDD, and the Ti-Pt/β-PbO2 electrodes, respectively. When LSW was used in the presence of 200 mg L 1 ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (Cl-cipro) in 0.1 mol L 1 Na2SO4, an oxidation peak was observed before the occurrence of the OER, for all the electrodes. Using the 100 ppm BDD electrode, LSV experiments were carried out for different Cl-cipro concentrations in 0.1 mol L 1 Na2SO4, which confirmed the nature of the oxidation peak at ~1.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl (3 mol L 1 KCl). With this electrode, LSW experiments were also carried out at different sweep values using the previously mentioned Clcipro solution, with results that indicated that the oxidation of the pharmaceutical drug is mainly a diffusion-controlled process. For the electrochemical degradation of ciprofloxacin (50 mg L 1 Cl-cipro) in 0.1 mol L 1 Na2SO4, using the BDD and Ti-Pt/β- PbO2 electrodes in filter-press type reactors, the effect of pH, flow rate, temperature, and current density was investigated. The degradation process was favored when the electrolyses were carried out at pH 10, which is related to the pKa values of the molecule. Yet the flow rate presented different effects; for the Ti-Pt/β-PbO2 electrode, the process efficiency was improved for a high value (6.5 L min 1), contrary to what was observed for the BDD electrodes (2,5 L min 1). The influence of temperature on the process was little marked, having a significant effect only for the 2500 ppm BDD electrode (best results at 10 °C). On the other hand, the electrodegradation of ciprofloxacin occurred faster at higher current densities, since greater amounts of the oxidizing agents are formed under these conditions. For the optimized condition, the 100 ppm BDD electrode presented the best performance in the oxidation and mineralization of the pharmaceutical drug. Under that condition and using the 100 ppm BDD, five ciprofloxacin degradation intermediates were identified (m/z 263, 306, 334, 348, and 362), which led to the proposal of an initial degradation route for its electrooxidation.
Crescimento inicial de cana-de-açúcar em latossolo com gradiente de saturação por alumínio e submetido à aplicação de vinhaça
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-04-30) Viglio, Larissa Marques; Soares, Marcio Roberto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6337462438517339; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4177909832142003
An important strategy to round the problem of high acidity in soil and the toxicity aluminum (Al)consequent, limiting the full sugarcane development, it is based on the use of suitable varieties to these conditions. The application of vinasse is one practical routine in sugarcane cropping. The vinasse effect as fertilizer is well known, principally by reducing the use of potassium fertilizers. However, vinasse may attenuate the toxic effects of Al in soil by formation of complexes with organic acids of low molecular weight, improving further deepening of the root system sugarcane. The aim of this work was to study tolerance of three sugarcane varieties (RB855453, RB966928 e RB867515) to Al toxicity and to assess the influence of vinasse in the expansion of the root system in dystrophic Red Yellow Oxisol with gradient of Al saturation. The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse, on an entirely randomized design, in factorial arrangement, with three replicates. Sugarcane seedling were transplanted to PVC columns (0,8 m), each column consisted of four PVC rings. The PVC rings were filled with soil samples that offered an ascending gradient of Al saturation in depth (m%= 0,7; 7,9; 40,8; 62,6). The collection of the experiment was conducted 120 days after planting and it was determined the leaf chlorophyll index (ICF), stem diameter, plant height, dry weight of shoot and stratified root system dry matter . The largest amount of total root system dry matter in soil without the supply of vinasse was obtained from the RB867515 but with vinasse application this characteristic was presented by RB867515 and RB855453. The RB867515 was considered the most tolerant to Al, however the sugarcane varieties classification order based on tolerance index has varied according to vinasse application. The shoot biometric parameters, excepted by the stem diameter, were not considered indicators to differentiate the sugarcane genotypes from the phytotoxic Al in soil, as well as the ICF could not be adopted as an indicative parameter due by this stress. There were no significant alterations in soil chemical properties, especially in reducing the levels of Al and Al saturation index 90 days after vinasse application. The vinasse effect in increasing the percentage of roots at depth of 40 to 80 cm, has been verified only by RB966928.