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Tratamento físico-químico e cultivo de Desmodesmus subspicatus em vinhaça de cana-de-açúcar
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-07-18) Mattos, Luiz Felipe Arjonilla de; Bastos, Reinaldo Gaspar; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9329363278429665; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8003605971716221
The traditional processes of biological dispollution of agro industrial waste water use aerobic and/or anaerobic systems, which generate biomass without commercial value and inevitable effluent nutrient losses. Alternatively, it s being studied the microalgae and cianobacteria application for a potential protein, lipid and other biomass constituent production for a minimization of the pollutant impact and as a way of valuating the residue. This way, heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae, is a proposal that could increase the viability of waste water treatment, once it uses organic compounds for the growth of this microorganisms in absence of light, being researched together with the bioremediation of effluents. Vinasse is a waste water highly produced in the fermentation-distillation process for the sugarcane based ethanol production. Depending on its biochemical composition in terms of organic matter and nutrients, the use of vinasse appears to be attractive as a substrate for biotechnological process development. Besides, physical-chemical treatments like pH adjusting and suspended solids flocculation must be studied for its use viabilization. D. subspicatus is a Chlorophyceae which has presented high cellular viability in cultivations using domestic and industrial waste water as substrate, easily tolerating temperature and pH variations. This said, this study aimed the the physicalchemical treatment of coagulation-flocculation and the heterotrophic cultivation of D. subspicatus in sugarcane vinasse aiming the biomass production. The results pointed that pH and aeration had low influence in the cultivation, and the ideal batch time is near 9 hours, lowering the effects of bacterial contamination. The physicalchemical treatment was able to remove COD at the maximum of 40% using calcium hydroxide and 60% using aluminum sulfate. The optimization of the process conditions raised the lipidic productivity from 69 to 244,8 mg.L-1.day-1, suggesting the viability of the heterotrophic cultivation of D. subspicatus in vinasse.
O domínio prévio à definição das palavras: crítica à proposição como lugar do sentido a partir das Investigações Filosóficas de Wittgenstein
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-07-18) Zunino, Tatiane Boechat Abraham; Ferraz Neto, Bento Prado de Almeida; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0084436724293824; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9466880793137887
This thesis seeks to examine the hypothesis that the meaning has not in its foundation the proposition and the words. That language does not inaugurate the truth in an enunciative joint, but in a practical and comprehensive operation. Thus, through Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, we seeks to explain to what extent can we speak of an ambit of birthing of sense through the analysis of learning by the ostensive teaching of words, i.e., by means of some necessary conditions for the concept acquisition. To do so, we will expose some fundamental aspects of expression learning, both through teaching and verbal learning, namely, the notion of training (Abrichten) and all possible rationality which surrounds it, as well as the ostensive definition of words, trying to defend the position that training is the condition of possibility for the ostensive definition. Thus, it would be the first way of understanding, the birth of sense. After walking this path, it is possible to speak of two levels of access to sense. We try, therefore, to present a sense opening dimension through the linguistic practice in which an expression operates, so that the importance of the ostensive teaching of words is affirmed as the opening of a previous operative field that can enable the denomination. Such field implies that the expressions emerge with its meaning in the everyday praxis previously given, to then become an empirical language and bind to the facts of the world, so that the understanding of an expression assumes, in an essential way, the previous field of language and sense.
Conversão de bioetanol em acetato de etila: efeitos das propriedades eletrônicas do metal e estruturais dos suportes nos catalisadores Cu-Ag/ZrO2 e Cu/ZrO2/Al2O3
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-07-18) Freitas, Isabel Cristina de; Marques, Clélia Mara de Paula; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0451284088402660; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9861067651401873
In both industry and academia the interest in biomass conversions into manufactured products has grown rapidly in recent years. Various products can be obtained from alcohol chemistry such as acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, hydrogen, and others. Although copper-based catalysts are commonly used in the dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde, recently Cu/ZrO2 catalysts have also revealed themselves to be highly active in the onepot transformation of ethanol into ethyl acetate. In this work, we studied the one-pot synthesis of ethyl acetate from ethanol by using two separate series of catalysts, Cu-Ag/ZrO2 and Cu/ZrO2/Al2O3. The characterization of the supports and catalysts were performed by N2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, temperature programmed reduction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy of the adsorbed CO (DRIFTS-CO), X-ray photoelectrons spectroscopy (XPS) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). In the first part of this work, the study of the series of Cu-Ag/ZrO2 catalysts suggested that the Ag-Cu surface alloying alter the electronic properties in the catalysts surface, as verified by DRIFTS-CO. XPS measurements showed that increasing the Ag content in Cu-Ag/ZrO2 catalysts lead to a higher ratio Cu+/Cu0 on the surface. The predominance of Cu+ species on the surface led to catalysts with higher selectivity to acetaldehyde over ethyl acetate. The second part of this work studied the influences of Cu active phase dispersion on the ZrO2/Al2O3 support. Different Cu+/Cu0 species ratio, as verified by XPS, were obtained by varying the Cu content on ZrO2/Al2O3. Furthermore, the EXAFS results revealed that for the reduced catalyst increasing the Cu loading led to an enlargement in the size of the Cu0 particle. DRIFTS-CO showed that CO adsorption into these catalysts may be occurring on the surface of the copper xvi particles deposited on Al2O3 and/or ZrO2, since ZrO2 may not to be covering the whole Al2O3. Catalytic tests show that the products distribution in the one-pot ethanol conversion is affected by Cu0/Cu+ species ratio on the surface of the catalyst as well as the acid/base properties of the support. The increase of the Cu loading up to 30 wt. % favored the selectivity to ethyl acetate (67 % at 250 oC), due to an optimized Cu0/Cu+ species ratio on the surface of ZrO2/Al2O3 support. Theoretically, by increasing the relative Cu0 concentration, the formation of acyl species increases, which condenses with ethoxy species formed on Zrδ+ and Cu+ Lewis acid sites for the formation of ethyl acetate. Additionally, the Cu content of 30 wt. % provides greater surface coverage of the support ZrO2/Al2O3 suppressing the formation of acetaldehyde condensation products on the ZrO2 surface, such as crotonaldehyde; and further methyl ethyl ketone and diethyl ether formed in the alumina acid sites.
Secagem de sólidos porosos granulares
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-07-18) Perazzini, Hugo; Freire, José Teixeira; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2270677706718167; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2676311547535414
In the present work, an experimental study about heat and mass transfer phenomena was carried out during drying of porous media when subjected to an upward flow of heated air. The cylindrical porous media consisted of non-consolidated particles of activated alumina of several diameters. The particulate system was initially characterized based on the achievement of its main physical, thermal and structural properties. The drying experiments consisted of obtaining sorption isotherms at different operational conditions and in determining moisture and temperature data versus time. The temperature profiles were obtained by thermocouples inserted in the porous body and the moisture content data by the gravimetrical method. The concept of time in series analysis was applied to determine the stationarity of the experimental data. The drying of the porous media was studied theoretically based on the context of the pseudo-homogeneous formulation, which led to the estimation of transport parameters of interest considering two situations: the presence of the external resistance to mass transfer and the interfacial equilibrium condition. The estimated transport coefficients were analyzed as constant or variable throughout the drying process. The diffusive mechanisms of mass transfer were estimated in order to identify the limiting one in drying. According to the results obtained, the vapor flux is controlled by liquid superficial diffusion into the particle. However, it was found that the effective moisture diffusivity is a harmonic mean of all the diffusive mechanisms, being the all type of moisture diffusivity of both particles and the porous medium important parameters in drying. The results showed that the drying of the porous medium studied is controlled by external resistance of heat and mass transfer. The pseudo-homogeneous formulation presented restrictions for the situation in which the interfacial equilibrium is admitted in the drying problem.
O trabalho do agente comunitário de saúde na estratégia saúde da família: encontros e desencontros de uma prática em São Carlos/SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-07-18) Vieira, Kátia Cristina dos Santos; Ogata, Márcia Niituma; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3274294833403570; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2220493766193400
This is a descriptive study with qualitative approach, more specifically a case study. It aims to analyze the work of Community Health Agent (ACS), from the perspective of health user and ACS itself, identifying the activities undertaken by these actors, perceptions of ACSs about his role on the team for the individual and collective care assitence, and the perceptions and expectations of users regarding the work of the ACS. The subjects were six ACSs from a unit of Family Health Program of city São Carlos, and four users of the health service and spokesman in the Local Health Council. Theoretical frameworks that supported this study and who were the object of theoretical study: family health, work and health care directives of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS).The research technique chosen for data collection was individual semi-structured interviews and data analysis used the technique of thematic analysis. The data collected with ACS and users were analyzed separately and yielded on the following categories: what is to be ACS: between the ideal and the real; organization of daily work of the ACS; demotivation and impotence in the face of adversity; lack of Permanent Education in Health: choking the work of ACS; who is the ACS to me; the real and the ideal work of ACS, and a user's perspective; the effort to strengthen the work of ACS. The results of this study allowed an approximation of the difficulties and easiness from everyday work of the ACS, sometimes demotivating elements, sometimes augmenting the practice of this worker. It was possible to identify the multifunctionality of ACS as one reason for the loss of identity from that worker before the population. As for users, the expectation that the ACS contributes to citizenship, advising people of their rights and duties, ie, not limited in their speeches to the technical work of the ACS was found, but contemplated the political and social dimension in the role of this worker. Research indicates that the change in the health production model depends not only on a worker-ACS- neither simple deployment of new family health teams. A joint effort of all health workers and a critical-reflective analysis of their own practices, reverberating effective change in health production and consolidation of SUS.
Determinação de Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni e Pb em cosméticos infantis empregando técnicas espectroanalíticas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-07-18) Augusto, Amanda dos Santos; Pereira Filho, Edenir Rodrigues; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3394181280355442; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0641218916974686
In this study were developed two methods for sample preparation: one for children s eye shadow and another for chidren s lipstick. In the optimizing process, variables such as nitric acid concentration (2 or 7 mol L-1), sample mass (100 or 250 mg), heating time (1 or 3 hours) and concentration of Triton X-100 (5 or 25%) were investigated. The instrumental parameters of ICP OES were optimized in order to find a good working condition for the analytes determination. In the beginning it was performed a fractional factorial design 29- 5 (nine variables) and, after variables selection, a fine adjustment using Central Composite and Doehlert designs was made to study the most important variables (radio frequency power and nebulizer gas flow rate). In order to evaluate the regression models proposed, responses like LOQ and recovery for each analyte and in each view mode (radial and axial) were taken into consideration using desirability function. From the generated models it was possible to find the compromise condition with radio frequency power of 1200 W and a nebulizer gas flow rate of 0.825 L min-1. The methods developed for the preparation of the samples were applied to 22 samples of children cosmetics (14 eye shadows and 8 lipsticks). The analytes were determined using ICP OES (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu and Ni) and GF AAS (Pb). The majority of the concentrations obtained were lower than the international normatives, but the Pb values ranged from