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Cultura da terra, cultura das águas: o fenômeno da Transumância em Marabá (PA)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-12-08) Araújo, José Augusto Carvalho de; Martins, Rodrigo Constante; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6617183095074852; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2900892621227578
L'étude est basée sur le processus de la transhumance qui se produit sur les rives du Tocantins Itacaiúnas et rivières de la commune de Maraba situé dans l'État sud-est du Para, sur les flux et reflux de nos rivières. La transhumance est due au transfert des ressources humaines temporairement par des contraintes environnementales ou les questions financières. Ce phénomène se produit chaque année à la suite d'inondations constantes qui se produisent dans la ville de Maraba, dans les zones les plus basses de la ville, semblable à ce qui se passe dans pionnier Maraba (ancien Maraba). En raison de cet événement, ces groupes sociaux doivent être mis aux quartiers résidentiels les plus élevés. Les noyaux qui servent de refuge sont la Nouvelle Ville et la Nouvelle Maraba. Cependant, la plupart des sans-abri, comme une question de stratégie et de survie, de finalement passer à des abris temporaires construits par les habitants eux-mêmes ou par la défense civile locale. Le processus de la transhumance se produit souvent des décennies sur les rives des fleuves Itacaiúnas et Tocantins dans la zone urbaine de la municipalité de Maraba. Bien que ce phénomène est lié à une question de mode de vie culturel de la ville côtière, l'un des principaux problèmes concerne une nouvelle main-d'oeuvre des riverains qui vivent dans les villes et ont subi les impacts des changements productifs dans l'environnement urbain. Tout comme nous ne pouvons pas ne pas tenir compte de la création de poches de pauvreté des femmes, des enfants, les migrants et les habitants des bidonvilles à la périphérie des villes, associées à un capitalisme périphérique qui a généré la marginalisation sociale d'une partie de la population (Oliveira, 2007). En outre, riverains, pour des raisons culturelles, sont connectés en permanence avec les rivières et la ville où s'occupe principalement de commerce et la fourniture de services. Le type d'activité de travail se passe comme la dynamique des flux et reflux de l'Amazonie. La recherche sur le terrain a été réalisée en 2012 avec la vie côtière dans la ville et de la souffrance des inondations qui se produisent entre les mois de Janvier à Juin dans la ville de Maraba. Il s'agit d'une étude de cas, étant donné que ce processus migratoire appelé transhumance ou de trajet ou changement de saison se passe en particulier dans cette partie de la ville inondée de Maraba. Diverses sources d'information ont été utilisés, comme les entrevues, l'observation systématique lieu, une source documentaire, les photographies, etc, ainsi que d'une variété de données recueillies par divers informateurs (en bordure de la ville, les pêcheurs, les responsables de la défense civile et les dirigeants Communauté). .
Uso das terapias laser e LED (Light-Emitting Diode) de baixa intensidade para aumentar o desempenho muscular: do in vitro e experimental ao uso clínico
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-12-08) Ferraresi, Cleber; Parizotto, Nivaldo Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5527703735628408; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9593811257950561
Recent studies have used low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and LEDs (light-emitting diodes - LEDT) to increase muscle performance in experimental models and randomized clinical trials. However, the effects of these therapies on muscle tissue are not well understood, especially related to their mechanisms of action and clinical use. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the effects of LLLT and LEDT on muscle tissue through in vitro, experimental models and clinical trials to elucidate the main mechanisms of action of these therapies on muscle tissue submitted to fatigue tests and/ or strength training programs to guide the clinical practice. Among the mechanisms of action, we highlight a modulation of mitochondrial metabolism, synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and glycogen, muscle cell proliferation, antioxidant defenses and a gene expression modulation quantified by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and microarrays (whole human genome). To accomplish these objectives, we conducted an in vitro study with muscle cell line culture, two experimental studies with animals submitted to fatigue tests and physical training, and five clinical studies that investigated the effects of LLLT and LEDT on muscular pre-conditioning (LLLT/ LEDT application before exercise) and post-exercise muscle recovery (LLLT/ LEDT application after exercise) in athletes, non-athletes and young men genetically comparable (identical twins) submitted to official games of volleyball, sub maximal and maximal tests of effort, and physical training programs, respectively. In vitro, experimental and clinical studies, added to an extensive literature review included in this thesis, allowed us to understand that there is a time-response to muscle cells absorb the energy of lasers/ LEDs and transform that energy into biochemical responses to increase muscle performance in muscular pre-conditioning regimen, or accelerate postexercise muscle recovery. In addition, LLLT/ LEDT applied over the muscle tissue shows also a pattern of dose-response which appears to be dependent of the objective, i.e., prevention of muscle damage or stimulation of energy metabolism, ATP synthesis, gene expression and improved muscle performance.
O ensino de música no contexto escolar de crianças dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-12-08) Cassettari, Danielle Maria Pereira Urban; Lombardi, Lucia Maria Salgado dos Santos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5697508831302188; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5872715719349220
This work has as its object music in the school context of children from the early years of Elementary School. The theme arose from my concern during the period of mandatory curricular internship held in 2013, when I was struck by the absence of music in the daily lives of children.The research sought to understand why music is still ignored in some school contexts despite being an important component of children's cultural education. The work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter presents the Theoretical Framework. In order to carry out the task of investigating music in the school context of children of the Early Years, in this part of the work, the presence of music since the baby's life was studied; the training of pedagogues in the area of music; interdisciplinarity as an important dimension in school music education; the use of singing in pedagogical practices; the use of free materials in the creation of musical instruments, and the presence of music at school in general. The second chapter contains the research methodology, classified as qualitative and case study, with the constitution of a group of teachers, with whom interviews were conducted. In the third and last chapter, the analysis of the interviews is presented, relating them to the authors of the theoretical basis presented in the first chapter. The results point to the importance of the musical training of pedagogues, of teaching music for the healthy development of children and of pedagogical practices that involve music in school routine.
Biogeografia dos polistíneos neotropicais: uma abordagem ecológica e evolutiva
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014-12-08) Carvalho Filho, Antônio Freire de; Del Lama, Marco Antonio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7198095288825585; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7763217460823952
Despite the huge diversity in the Neotropical region, little is known about the biogeography of the subfamily Polistinae. This thesis is divided into three chapters which, despite their distinct specific aims, have as central target the discussion of the influence of environmental, ecological and evolutionary processes on the distribution of genetic diversity and species richness of polistines. For this end, in the first chapter is provided a wide review on the origins of Polistinae and change-promoter processes in the Neotropics. In the second chapter, possible colonization routes used by the subfamily in the Americas are proposed based on the Round-trip hypothesis. Such a hypothesis is corroborated by the recurrence of progression rules, inferred by phylogeny-distribution relationships, pointing more basal clades of several genera occurring in the Amazonian rainforest and more derived clades in eastern South America. The occurrence of an inverse progression rule for Polistes sustains a second rarer and older route from east to west. The third chapter focuses on the disjunction between Amazonia and Atlantic Forest and on the species that, due to changes in forest distributions, had their populations fragmented. It is provided in this study a wide list with 127 Neotropical taxa with disjunct lineages between both forests, climate stability models for eight species (two paper wasps and six vertebrates) and extensive phylogeographies for the wasps Angiopolybia pallens and Synoeca surinama. Such wasp species were used as genetic models to test spatially-esplicit hypotheses of climate stability and were chosen by present distinct ecological characteristics, but occur in sympatry in Amazonia and Atlantic Forest. It was aimed with this to test the following hypothesis: the disjunction affected idiosyncratically the genetic diversity of species with populations widely fragmented. The information presented in the three studies might serve as support in future works on Polistinae biogeography, mainly those that focus on the integration of environmental events to explain both evolutionary and ecological processes.