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A impressão do consenso : uma análise político-epistemológica do SARESP na Folha de S. Paulo e no Jornal da APEOESP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Farias, Jaime; Rothen, José Carlos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1942510389127549; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0417770586064371
The research is based on the statements circulating in the political/media relationship, from which reviews the statements related to the school performance evaluation system of São Paulo state (SARESP). For this, texts were selected from two newspapers of different natures, published between 1995, beginning of Mario Covas government, which implemented the SARESP and 2010, the last year of the government of José Serra. Folha de S. Paulo characterized as a daily newspaper, commercial, nationwide, whose activities are based on the business logic, articulated the demands of an industrial line news production. Jorrnal da APEOESP is an information vehicle of the union of official school teachers of the São Paulo state (APEOESP), with circulation addressed to the shareholders, free distribution and variable frequency, whose journalistic practices are linked to the conflicts underlying the defense of the rights of the teaching category. SARESP is an external evaluation tool of the São Paulo state‘s school system, established in 1996. It consists of an examination applied to all students in certain grades, being compulsory in state public schools and membership in municipal public schools and private networks. As a theoretical basis for the analysis of texts from newspapers, stand out Foucault's notions of power, statement, discourse and regime of truth. The study aimed to identify, in the political/media relationship, certain statements considered “true”, related to SARESP. It was sought to identify aspects of media practice to indicate the formation of a “performative discourse”, due to the appreciation of criteria of efficiency and innovation, related to the neoliberal policy reform process. The study of the participation of the press in the circulation of “performative discourse” allowed to establish an “impression of consensus” about the SARESP. Although the effects of this process have worked towards interdict other possible discourses, it was noticed that there were some statements that came constitute a "discourse of resistance" related to criticism of performativity's criterias. It is concluded, in this regard, that the statements related to improving the quality of education is interconnected to the statements dealing SARESP as the legitimate measure of quality, featuring the preponderance of “performativity of speech”, however, associated and constant relationship with different settings of “discourse of resistance”.
Comportamento e interações ecológicas entre predadores terrestres no meio hipógeo de Presidente Olegário-MG
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Resende, Leonardo Palloni Accetti; Bichuette, Maria Elina; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8453043393798516; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6529667394125331
The subterranean environment has a set of unique ecological characteristics, like the low thermic variation, high relative humidity of the air, areas with permanent and total absence of light and the dependence of food input of the surface. Those characteristics promote distinguish ecological conditions that drive and modify the population structure and the ecological interactions of the organisms that live in the subterranean realm, generating communities unique in diversity and structure. This dissertation is the result of two years of work in a peculiar cave system located on Presidente Olegário municipality, Northwest of Minas Gerais state. We monitored seven cavities (Lapa Vereda da Palha, Lapa da Fazenda São Bernardo, Lapa Zé de Sidinei, Lapa Arco da Lapa, Lapa do Moacir, Toca do Charco e Gruta da Juruva), with the intention of answered the following questions: What is the diversity of terrestrial predators that occurs in these caves? Is the distribution of these predators in these caves random or standardized by competitive and/or predation pressures? How these predators behave? Is their behavior telling us something about their relation with the subterranean environment? To do this, we realized five fild works in that caves, where we collected the invertebrate fauna using the manual active search and Winkler extractors. Beyond that we realized field observations of the natural history and laboratory tests of five species of predators that was selected for it. We found a marvelous diversity of predators (79 species belonging to Araneae, Pseudoscorpiones, Opiliones, Scorpiones, Heteroptera, Scolopendromorpha, Geophilomorpha e Lithobiomorpha). The spiders was the most diverse and abundant of them all. Despite of all that huge variety of species, their spatial distribution inside the caves was not related with hard competition among them. The laboratorial tests show that their often coexist and share the space instead of fight and prey each 4 other. Each one of the five species selected for the tests uses the space, foraging and interact with conespecifics in a different way, then we consider that behavior differentiation an important factor of niche segregation that reduces the competition pressures. Finally, we consider the structure and ecological features of each cave another factor that can contribute to the reduction of competition pressures and allowed these caves to sustain this high number of species. Beyond that, we observed that harvestman have a richer behavioral repertorie than the spiders, they are more active, interacting with conespecifics and they spend more time moving through space. However, when we compared the behaviors of these species with their epigean relatives, we observed that there is no significant difference among then. We hypothetize that lack of difference is coused by the fact that the observed behaviors are typical for their taxonomic groups, thus their occurrence in the caves as troglophyles (Eusarcus hastatus, Loxosceles similis, Isoctenus sp. e Enoploctenus cyclothotax) or as trogloxenes (Mitogoniella taquara) couldn t be interpreted as a factor of pressure on their expressed behaviors, probably being instead an important exaptation for the establishment of the populations of these species.
Práticas de letramento na interação em sala de aula : a constituição de uma comunidade de leitores no 5º ano do ensino fundamental
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Bryan, Kaluana Nunes Bertoluci; Bunzen Júnior, Clecio dos Santos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3757050031013762; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5527045517795015
The objective of this dissertation which is from Applied Linguistic field was written to discuss about practices of literacy in class interaction trying to analyze how is constituted reader´s community of a fifth grade in a elementary public school from countryside of São Paulo. Since we admit reading as a social and historical literacy practice (KLEIMAN, 2010) whom its teaching was historically institutionalized by school (CHARTIER, 2004 ; HERBRARD, 2007; HILSDORF, 2012) and which defines its particularities inasmuch it is a surface of the human activity (DIONISIO, 2000; BUNZEN, 2010), we tried to analyze the practices of reading teaching considering visible and implicit elements which brought meaning to them by observing the teacher´s conceptions about reading and readers education and how she shares these meanings with her students. Thereunto, we structured an epistemological transdisciplinary box and we approach our research object in a interpretative speech perspective with ethnographic profile because this is a qualitative research guided by a social and historical view. We keep a semester involved with the community researched staying in field for a month and recording 17 classes in audio type. Beyond recordings we used interviews, we used document analysis (reading contents), field reports which were systematized in event maps and others with distinct nature. The research logic, based on “Ethnographic Research Cycle”, helped us to orient our job proposing analytic questions as from the study of data found during the research. Our analysis pointed to two significative practices in that reading community: Reading Corner and Shared Reading which evidence the teacher´s conceptions and shared meanings about reading as the importance of its taste and habits, the element and strategies of access to materials as an essential factor on reading education, the valorization of literature reading and the importance attributed to fluent reading done aloud. In this community, reading is conceived as a research, entertainment and knowledge socializing practice furthermore it is an important moralizing tool. These results show how complex are literacy practices and docent´s job such as the importance of their analysis inside real contexts and as multifaceted elements.
Influência de aditivos pró-degradantes nas degradações abiótica e biótica do polietileno de alta densidade
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Babetto, Alex Sandro; Agnelli, José Augusto Marcondes; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7592090152400440; Bettini, Sílvia Helena Prado; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3687551763124327; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1883700829005775
High density polyethylene (HDPE) is widely used in the manufacture of packaging disposables and in order to minimize the environmental impact caused by disposal, have been incorporated, into the HDPE, additives that promises modify polyethylene chemical structure and promote biodegradation. Chemical modification occurs by oxidative abiotic degradation, accelerated by pro-degrading agents, which decreases the molecular weight and introduces oxygenated organic groups into polyethylene. In this study, iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) stearate pro-degrading agents were assessed as well as a commercial additive d2w, based on organic salt of manganese, in HDPE films in thermo-oxidative conditions (in an oven at 80°C and 60 °C). The effect of prodegrading agent concentration and oxidation state was assessed on the degradation of HDPE during accelerated weathering (Q-UV), thermomechanical and thermo-oxidative degradation (80 ° C and 60 ° C). Abiotic degradation was assessed by means of infrared spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography and mechanical properties. Films were also subjected to biodegradation in soil and CO2 content was assessed by respirometric method. The results showed that pro-degrading agents accelerate oxidative degradation. In all degradation processes the abiotic degradation showed to be directly proportional to iron concentration. On the other hand, manganese concentration showed to be inversely proportional to thermo-mechanical degradation and directly proportional to thermo-oxidative degradation and weathering. The oxidation state of iron showed no interference with HDPE degradation, whereas UV radiation significantly enhanced degradation of the polymer. The results show important degradation of previously thermo-oxidated HDPE.
Problemas elípticos superlineares com não linearidades assimétricas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Rosa, Wallisom da Silva; Paiva, Francisco Odair Vieira de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2889322093175193; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7545491567456923
The aim of this work is to present results of existence of solutions for a class of nonlinear asymmetryc elliptic problems. The asymmetry that we consider here has linear behavior on - infnity and superlinear on + infnity. To obtain these results we apply variational methods as linking theorems and topological methods like topological degree theory.
Gramática e texto literário em livros escolares de português da primeira metade do século XX
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Medeiros, Rejane Rodrigues Almeida de; Bunzen Júnior, Clecio dos Santos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3757050031013762; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4823013748420772
The main purpose of this dissertation is to investigate and discuss the relations established among grammar and literary text in two different periods of the history of the discipline Portuguese, the first one situated in the 1920s, and the second one between the decades of the 1930 and the 1940, based on the analyses of two main representative didactic works of each of these periods, the Gramática expositive: curso superior (17ª ed., 1925), from Eduardo Carlos Pereira, and O idioma nacional (1944), from Antenor Nascentes. In the teaching of the discipline Portuguese of the first half of the century is possible to recognize an articulation between grammar and literary text, in which sometimes the grammar and sometimes the literary text is prioritized. During the years of the 1920s the discipline Portuguese was characterized through the primacy of grammar, due to the fact that one was giving main priority to the learning of grammatical rules which were assured by the use of literature writers, mainly from Portuguese nationality. In the pursuit of highlighting the literary text in the classroom, in the decades of the 1930 and 1940 a new orientation in the studies of Portuguese was attempted, so that in the official programs as well as in the elaboration of didactic works it was advised first the reading of literary text and after the grammar teaching though the text that was read.
Capacitação de pais e professores para ações integradas de ensino de leitura e escrita para aprendizes com autismo e deficiência intelectual
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Benitez-Afonso, Priscila; Domeniconi, Camila; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9684535663947328; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0000868072508462
This dissertation was written in the compendium of scientific texts and introduces three studies that support the planning, implementation and evaluation of interventions to ensure academic learning of reading and writing basic skills for learners with intellectual disabilities (ID) and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), from the involvement of three different educational agents (regular classroom teachers, special education teachers and parents). First, we proposed a systematic review of national literature about the role of educational agents (Study 1). From the lack of studies that aimed teaching reading and writing basic skills by educational agents, we were proposed a discussion on the role of formal and informal agents, in order to identify the behavior of the agents as applicators reading and writing tasks to students with ID and ASD. Following were scheduled four interventions applied by each of the educational agents with each student (Study 2) then proposed a joint training with all agents and evaluated the reading performances and writing of students when exposed the interventions implemented by them together (Study 3). The suggestions are proposed for conducting future studies and it is expected that the results may assist in the elaboration of teaching reading and writing interventions for learners with ID and ASD from the joint participation of the three educational agents: regular classroom teachers, special education teachers and parents.
Avaliação da eficácia de programa de capacitação parental universal (ACT) pelo uso da observação
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Pontes, Luciana Barbalho; Williams, Lúcia Cavalcanti de Albuquerque; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6962646759651464; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5100941521054834
This thesis involves a compilation of two manuscripts, presenting a systematic review of evaluation studies involving the ACT Raising Safe Kids Program and a pilot study evaluating the ACT Program in Brazil. Such program consists of a universal parenting prevention program that has reached several parents across the world since 2001. From the literature review, the absence of observational measures was a recurrent limitation mentioned in the evaluation studies of the program, with data exclusively based on self-reports. Faced with this gap, a pilot evaluation study of the ACT program involving observational measures of caregiver-child interaction before, after and three months after the intervention was developed, to assess the effects of the intervention on the program participants, along with self-report instruments. As a result, the participants in the Experimental Group had a significant increase in problem-solving skills after program completion. As one of the first studies to evaluate the ACT Program in Brazil, the study demonstrates the applicability of the program in the country, suggesting further studies to evaluate the effectiveness of the program in Brazil and contribute to the reinforcement of the scientific bases of the program.
A expansão da UNESP face à Reforma do Aparelho de Estado
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Mendes, Talita Marques; Silva Junior, João dos Reis; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7470123176068422; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0442671013172477
Between 2003 and 2013, the São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, has undergone two expansion cycles, which caused the university to present a growth, both at the undergraduate level as at the level of post- graduation. The decade in question is quite significant for the Brazilian higher education, because during this period, consolidated if the expansion policies of public universities, trend not only in the federal universities, but also in state universities of the State of São Paulo. During this period, UNESP underwent a process of expansion of undergraduate education, which took place on three fronts: creating new jobs in traditional courses of units already consolidated the institution; creation of new courses in these units; and creation of new campus, which resulted in an increase of 39.8% in the number of undergraduate courses offered by the institution. As graduation, UNESP graduate has also grown significantly in the past ten years, with an increase of 36.1% in the number of master's courses; and an increase of 44.3% of doctoral courses. The growth of undergraduate and graduate meant an increase of 40.5% of students enrolled at the university. However, there was an expansion of the teaching staff to accompany this growth, because in this period there was an increase of only 16.5% in the number of university teachers, that considering both effective teachers and temporary teachers. If we consider only the effective teachers of the institution, the picture is even more worrying, since, in this case, the increase is only 10.8%, leading us to the hypothesis that the work of these teachers have gone through a process of intensification from the university expansion. Therefore, we try to, from the analyzes of the Institutional Development Plan (IDP), the Graduate Expansion Study Notebook and the data contained in the UNESP Statistical Yearbooks, understand how was the expansion of the university and which relations between the process of expansion of UNESP and the Reform of the State Apparatus, held in the 1990s.
Unidade Saúde Escola: concepções acerca da indissociabilidade entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão dos diferentes atores
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Resende, Cláudia Maria Moura; Lussi, Isabela Aparecida de Oliveira; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4939507426837896
The indivisibility among teaching, research and extension is a principle established by the Federal Constitution and it is present in documents that guide the Public Policy for Higher Education in Brazil. This principle guides the university activities: teaching, research and extension. The link between teaching and research with the community is made through the extension activities. The distance between scientific knowledge and society should be overcome by extension. The tripod teaching, research and extension are the cornerstone of the Brazilian University, and thus they cannot be fragmented. We propose in this study further our understanding of the indivisibility of the phenomenon of teaching, research and extension at the university, especially in a teaching unit in health. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the conception of the phenomenon of indivisibility of teaching, research and extension of the actors involved in the work of a School Health Unit. We selected as field of study the Health-School Unit (HSU) of the Federal University of São Carlos which develops between their activities teaching, research, extension and assistance in inter and multidisciplinary perspective on health, having as team teachers, administrative technicians and students from different undergraduate and post-graduate health. This is a qualitative study, cross-sectional descriptive and exploratory. The study included 20 servers, among teachers, administrative technicians who had formal ties with the HSU and managers of the Unit. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews. For data analysis we used the thematic analysis technique. The results were presented and discussed in two groups, group 1 consists in the analysis of the interviews with teachers and administrative technicians servers and Group 2 consists in the analysis of the interviews with managers. The results showed that the participants conceive of a different way of teaching activity. While some participants understand teaching as a dialogical and shared process, linked to research and extension, others still conceive teaching as transmission of knowledge. Regarding the research concept, the participants revealed different conceptions linked to the search for new knowledge and phenomenon or event research referring imbalance among teaching, research and extension. The results showed a diversity of understanding about the concept of extension. While for some teachers and administrative technicians the extension activity is understood as the implementation of activities at the university for the community, for others it is configured as community care activity. For some participants the indivisibility of the phenomenon assumes that the activities of teaching, research and extension should be fed back, while for others it is the realization of the tripod activities together. We hope that the study will contribute to reflection and present subsidies of indivisibility among teaching, research and extension, not only in the School Health Unit and UFSCar, but also at other universities, providing a transforming relationship between university and society.
Limites e possibilidades do uso da webquest no ensino de física
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Silva, Willians Gavioli da; Souza, Carolina Rodrigues de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8152101475247049; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4247896330857820
This research aims to check the limits and potential use of WebQuest in support oriented research tool on the Internet in a public school in São Paulo State. The research refers to the implementation and development of a WebQuest, applied to the third year of high school students from a public school located in Caconde entitled: Calculating Costs of Electricity. Through targeted research provided by WebQuest, prepared by research professor, students conducted research on energy consumption consumed by the use of devices via the magnitudes involved with them: energy, power, voltage, electric current and the operating time of equipment used in a residence. The survey was conducted according to the practice developed in the classroom, a dental educational research methodology, which involved three times, which is the before, during and after the application of WebQuest, which were observed, registered to the data were analyzed. It was found that the WebQuest, used as a research tool in teaching using the Internet proved to be a great facilitator of information research, promoting a collaborative environment, the transformation of information into knowledge, and provide autonomy to students, with the focus, the active student, the research methodology and the teacher as mediator. How limits, it was observed that its use requires adequate space, availability of time needed to design and implementation, dedication by the students in carrying out research and care tasks and to establish that the WebQuest, is another resource available to promote the transformation of information into knowledge. The teacher should use it as an enriching feature of the educational environment, to promote the construction of knowledge through an active and critical role by both students and teachers.
Da saúde à qualidade de vida - por um humanismo bakhtiniano
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Oliveira, Fabrício César de; Miotello, Valdemir; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9131819326282708; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4229128564358595
The word "Health" changed your senses throughout the XX century and their sense of contours are linked to the concept of "Quality of Life". One of the causes was the humanities approach of Medical Sciences and there is thus a kind of biopolitical power locking dialogue between areas, indicating a spectrum tends to be humanizing to distinct areas of knowledge. Health is not only biological, but biopsychosocial-ideological-discursive. Believing that there is in the origin of the term, an early unravel the clues and the humanist phantasmagoria, that would call for an analysis of the rationality of the crisis, by his closest shafts: texts and speeches. Here it is worth, in this thesis, think how Bakhtin (1895 -1975) could contribute to the Medical Sciences, even if it was even written about them. A careful analysis of the discourses of humanization and texts circulated by the official media - especially in the Folha de S. Paulo, March 2013 to November 2014 - on the program "More Doctors" (in portuguese: “Mais Médicos”) and the speech – in October 2013 - the President of the Republic, Dilma Rousseff sanctioning the law that enacted the debated health program, and are starting point for understanding the events and indications occurred and occurring changes in language, ideologies, in subjects and society. It is proposed, therefore, to discuss how heterogeneous, divergent and convergent discourses of Humanization intertwined and are constitutive of each other in the social game in building a more human science, humanistic Bakhtin called. The doctoral research was divided into an interpretation of three designs and two times: the man; the chronotope (time / space); and the Culture; looking for, at first, to understand the dialogic games and tensions that occur within the change within the word "Health". Primarily through the use of the word as ideological sign. In a second stage, took advantage of the theoretical and methodological principles of mutual comparison in GERALDI (2010 and 2012) in four stages: 1) To understand the material dimensions of the sign - the word as an ideological sign; 2) To check your social recognition; 3) To understand their context; and, 4) To interpret the active-dialogical understanding the texts on the program "More Doctors", attempting to analyze the official discourse and everyday counter-discourses tensioning changing the paradigm word "Health", at the beginning of XXI century. In short, in a world that has a tension between the mechanism and humanism, this thesis advocates the humane medicine front of purely objective and abstract technicist medicine, that is, advocates medicine as necessary reflection of the humanities.
O trabalho informal no comércio popular : ressignificando práticas na nova cultura do trabalho
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Rangel, Felipe; Lima, Jacob Carlos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9244132532446607; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1619003785230081
This study relies on the occupational trajectories of workers engaged in popular ways of trade. As background, we have the capitalist transformations in the latest’s decades, which resulted in economical, technological and cultural changes that affected deeply the position of work as a constructor of identities and social values. It is noticed that the precariousness of the formal work relationships associated to the dissemination of the ideology of entrepreneurship has resulted in the search for occupational and income alternatives that weakened the frontiers between formal and informal. In this scenario, the demarcations amidst legal and illegal also became less evident and significant. This way, we discuss the insertion of agents in informal economical activities – as those exercised by street venders -, trying to escape viewing unemployment or precariousness in the labor market as main reasons to exert those occupations. Taking into consideration the subjectivity of the situations, we try to think over the influence of an entrepreneur reasoning under the subjects conduct. From the recovery of the occupational trajectories of agents involved in different popular trade grades, we seek to understand the worker’s perception about his own occupation and the values attributed to those forms of work in the contemporary world, considering that, even though traditional, these activities have been through reconfigurations of its practice and meaning in front of the new economic and cultural context on which it is presented.
Análise de redes de abastecimento de biomassa com resíduos densificados
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Possidônio, Elisangela Fernandes da Silva Campana; Toso, Eli Angela Vitor; Silva, João Eduardo Azevedo Ramos da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8968321396954915; Rodriguez, Luiz Carlos Estraviz; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7069315698871705; Yamaji, Fábio Minoru; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4787449634914831
Biomass has acquired increasing importance as an alternative energy source. The fact of it being considered one of the main alternatives for diversification of energy sources and reducing dependence on fossil fuels, has increased its market acceptance. Despite of being a cheap and renewable source and Brazil being a large production of agricultural and forestry biomass, the use of such waste find some barriers; because of low density and low energy efficiency, which can increase the cost to use. The densification of biomass has drawn attention due to the superiority of the biomass in nature, in relation to the physical characteristics and the characteristic combustion. This work aims in a general way, studies how occurs the distribution of biomass from the product available local to the points of consumption, more specifically to assess the impact of biomass densification in the distribution operations and on transport costs. As a complement, a goal is to make a comparative study of supply with renewable fuel and non-renewable, more specifically with natural gas. For the characterization of supply networks and data collection were carried out visits to companies in this kind of industry, and to compare the costs in distribution operations, it was used a transport model. The results of the comparative study of the scenarios presented the possibility of reduction of 51-60% in transport costs and a 63% reduction in the number of vehicles used for the supply network. However, the cost of densified materials increased total cost in 41.6% in relation to waste in nature. In the comparative study of supply with renewable and nonrenewable fuel materials considered in the study showed economic advantages over natural gas.
Atividade fitotóxica de Serjania lethalis A. St.-Hil. e Sapindus saponaria L. (Sapindaceae) e identificação de metabólitos secundários
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Grisi, Patricia Umeda; Perez, Sonia Cristina Juliano Gualtieri de Andrade; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9973185407856723; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8776261076954624
The organization and dynamic of community are determined, among other factors, by the balance of positive and negative interactions of species. Research of plants with allelopathic activity comes from the need to introduce new alternatives in the management of agricultural pests. Species of Sapindaceae family are rich source of phytochemicals and have a huge potential for the production of secondary compounds with biopesticide activity. This study attempted to clarify the following issues: (1) leaves and stems/bark extracts of Serjania lethalis A. St.-Hil. and Sapindus saponaria L. could interfere in the diaspores germination and seedling growth of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)? (2) In addition, these extracts could affect the development of wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.), allowing thus the control of these weeds? (3) The fractionated extracts from S. saponaria could present insecticidal activity against the mortality of Toxoptera citricidus Kirkaldy (Homoptera: Aphididae) adults and nymphs? (4) Among the active extracts, which is most promising for start a bioprospecting, allowing isolate and identify the compounds present? To answer these questions bioassays were performed with ethanol or aqueous crude extract (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10%, w/v) and tested with fractionated extract by liquid-liquid partition using hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanol. Leaf and stem/stem bark extracts of S. lethalis and S. saponaria were phytotoxic and inhibited the process of germination and seedling growth of weeds and cultivated species, showing concentration-dependent effect. The phytotoxic effect of the extracts ranged according to the receptor species, and, in most cases, the leaf extract showed greater inhibitory activity. For some variables, this effect was similar and even superior to commercial herbicide. One of the action modes was observed in root growth of sesame and wild poinsettia seedlings, wherein the extract caused a significant decrease in elongation of metaxylem cells. The EtOAc fraction from the ethanol extract of S. saponaria leaves showed inhibitory effect greater than the hexane fraction on the development of barnyardgrass and wild poinsettia seedlings. The phytochemical study of this fraction resulted in the isolation of 3-(1,2-dimethyl-5-oxabicyclo [2.1.1] hexan-2-yl) but-2-enoic acid, a monoterpene acid with spectroscopic characteristics not known in the literature. This compound also inhibited the germination and growth of weeds; however, the EtOAc fraction was more active in reducing seedlings growth. The hexane fraction from the ethanol extract of S. saponaria leaves showed phytotoxic effect on elongation of wheat coleoptile and caused high mortality of T. citricidus nymphs and adults. The main substances 22 identified in this fraction were flavonols derivative of kaempferol and quercetin, and these may be involved in the biological activity observed. Thus, S. saponaria may be a donor species of compound with insecticide and herbicide potential, and a good candidate to supply allelochemicals for future use in agriculture.
Química verde no ensino superior de química: estudo de caso sobre as práticas vigentes em uma IES paulista
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Saqueto, Karla Carolina; Zuin, Vânia Gomes; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5265150425993880; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7669474258357906
The main objective in this paper is to analyze the scenario in Green Chemistry (GC) education practiced in a São Paulo-based IES (Higher Education Institute). This was achieved by studying the proposals which are especially directed to the development, adaptation and application of didactic experiments which have inserted GC contents. This scope was achieved by implementing a qualitative approach-based research methodology through document analysis, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, based on the methodological assumptions of content analysis alongside an extensive literature review that contributed to the GCE (Green Chemistry Education) publications. The study consisted of five experimental subjects in different areas of chemistry, which were observed and followed with regards to inserting GCE by introducing GC experiments and/or guidelines. Based on the data attained, this paper proposes six principles of GCE, which together with the Green Star (GS) holistic metric allow a better analysis and range of the experimental practices considered green. Among the GCE principles, the introduction of questioning/contextualization (STS approach) and research incentive proved to be vitally important. As observed through the introduction of the green experiments Detection of Metals routinely identified and Extraction and quantification of Fe (III) ions in soil samples , besides learning conceptual and procedural contents, some practices promoted attitudinal contents, which play an important role related to stimulating critical thinking, integrated approach to the exercise of citizenship and responsibilities for future competent professional practices and committed to humanistic, ethical criteria, and scientific rigor.
Efeito da exposição a nanopartículas de dióxido de titânio (NP-TiO2) em curimbatá (Prochilodus lineatus, Teleostei): aspectos fisiológicos, bioquímicos e morfológicos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Carmo, Talita Laurie Lustosa do; Fernandes, Marisa Narciso; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3021357484136942; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4815636478778428
This project aims to investigate the TiO2-NP toxicity after acute (48 h) and subchronic (14 d) exposure using hematology, biochemical and morphological biomarkers in P. lineatus. TiO2- NP only caused blood disorders after subchronic exposure and did not show geno- and neurotoxicity, but they affected the immunity of P. lineatus. In gills, acute exposure to TiO2- NP decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and increased glutathione (GSH) levels, while subchronic exposure increased ROS and GSH levels and inhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. In kidney, acute exposure to TiO2-NP did not cause ROS formation and changes in antioxidant enzymes activity, but increased GSH and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels. Subchronic exposure inhibited catalase activity in kidney tissue, but redox balance was not impaired. In the liver, acute exposure to TiO2-NP did not alter the antioxidant enzymes activity and metallothionein levels, but ROS formation decreased and GSH levels increased. After subchronic exposure, SOD activity did not change, but GPx and GST activity and GSH levels increased in the liver. Additionally, morphological damage was found in gills, liver and kidneys. Gills showed slight changes after acute exposure and slight to moderate changes after subchronic exposure. In kidney and liver tissue, degenerative changes and necrosis occurred after TiO2-NP exposure. TiO2-NP also inhibited enzymes of osmoregulation activity in gills after acute exposure, but had no effect after subchronic exposure and in renal tissue. Mitochondria-rich cells (MRC) density increased in gill filaments and renal tissue after subchronic exposure, while plasma osmolality decreased and calcium ions (Ca2+) concentration increased after acute exposure. Osmolality, however, was restored after subchronic exposure. These results suggest that GSH played an important role in preventing ROS formation. In liver and kidneys, TiO2-NP can cause moderate to severe tissue damage the long term, may lead to organ dysfunction, as considerable portion of the organ was reduced due to necrosis and degenerative damage. Osmoregulatory system impairment was caused after acute exposure to TiO2-NP, but no after subchronic exposure, probably due to proliferation of new MRC and morphological changes in gills. However, these morphological changes may hinder gases exchange and osmotic and ionic balance in the long term.
Hidrólise enzimática da palha de cana-de-açúcar: estudo cinético e modelagem matemática semi-mecanística
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Pratto, Bruna; Cruz, Antonio José Gonçalves da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1931896866841745
For biofuels production, the recovery of lignocellulosic feedstock is seen as a promising alternative, both from environmental and economic point of views. Among the lignocellulosic biomasses most important in Brazil, sugarcane straw plays a prominent position regarding the production of second generation ethanol (E2G), due to its great availability in the field. One of the main challenges involving the production of second generation ethanol is to obtain high conversion rates of polysaccharides into fermentable sugars, in the hydrolysis step. A solid knowledge is an important pre-requisite to optimize the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol. In this context, the aim of this work is to study the kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane straw (HPS) (195oC, 10 min e 200 rpm) and hydrothermally pretreated followed by alkaline pretreatment (NaOH 4% w/v, 30 min, 121oC). The influence of process variables as stirring speed, pH, temperature and, concentration of substrate and enzyme was evaluated. Experiments using HPS were carried out in Erlenmeyers (50oC, pH 5, 5 FPU.gcellulose -1 e 10% solids m/v) with shaking from 0 to 300 rpm. Then, the influences of pH and temperature were analyzed. Initially, the pH was ranged from 3 to 7 and afterwards, the temperature was varied from 40 to 60oC. After determining and setting the ideal conditions of agitation, pH and temperature, it was studied the effect of substrate and enzyme concentration for both pretreated and delignified biomass. In order to verify the effect of substrate concentration, solid load was varied in a range of 2.5 to 10.0% (w/v), in initial velocity and long term assays. Enzyme concentration (Cellic®CTec2 Novozymes S/A) was varied from 275 to 5,000 FPU.Lsolution -1 (5 to 80 FPU.gcellulose -1), with solid load settled at 10% (w/v). Finally, it was possible to fit Michaelis-Menten (MM), modified MM, with and without competitive inhibition by glucose, and Chrastil model. For HPS, modified MM model with inhibition (suitable for heterogeneous system, with high resistance to diffusion) was fitted. For alkaline delignified HPS pseudo-homogeneous and modified MM models were fitted. The Chrastil model was also used to fit long term assays for both pretreated biomass. The fitted models were able to identifying key features of the hydrolysis process, and, therefore, useful within the perspective of engineering bioreactors.
O ensino de Química nas escolas públicas da Diretoria de Ensino de Votorantim (SP): um estudo de caso
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Mariussi, Mariana Penna; Nascimento, Fabrício do; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3496410597486943; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2613016773041258; Varani, Adriana; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2971233303849752; Barboza, Liane Maria Vargas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8905036186159432; Fernandes, Hylio Lagana; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1315602045624096
The research aims to investigate the Chemistry teacher profile who works in state public schools in the Department of Education of Votorantim (SP). For that, it is intended to analyze the teacher‟s group profile who teach Chemistry in those schools, considering aspects such as graduation (specific and pedagogical education), how those workers see the teaching and the learning process of Chemistry, the difficult points they find in their career and to characterize the teachers‟ continuing education. It is believed that several difficulties related to the teaching and learning process of Chemistry in the Elementary Education can be related to the initial training program of the Chemistry teachers, mainly by the fact that in many universities the curriculum framework of teaching is linked to the bachelor education, restraining the specific Chemistry contents to be transformed in the pedagogical ones so that the pedagogical education composes the practical education of the teacher, being a initial education based on the technical rationality model. For an effective research, the qualitative methodological approach was opted, with a study case, where it will be investigated the professional profile of a group of teachers, their conceptions about education and the teaching strategies they use to promote the learning process of their students. For the data collection two instruments were used: a questions report and a semistructured interview. The questions reports were applied during a Technical Chemistry Orientation (held in the Pedagogical Workshop Place of the Department of Education in Votorantim), to meet a large number of Chemistry teachers. Questions were based on structured data which allowed the creation of a profile of those professionals, answering the main question who are these teachers . Just the graduate teachers in Chemistry who accepted to join the interview were heard. The interviews permitted the analysis on how the pedagogical and specific education of those workers was established and how to characterize their continuing education. Besides, they also permitted the comprehension on how those professionals see the teaching and learning process of Chemistry among the students and the difficulties they face in their teaching practice.
Fotoluminescência do CaMoO4, MgTiO3 e b-ZnMoO4: um estudo teórico
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015-03-06) Moraes, Eduardo de; Moraes, Valeria Longo; Longo, Elson; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9848311210578810
In this work, calcium molybdate (CaMoO4) crystals, MgTiO3 (MTO) thin films and beta zinc molybdate (b-ZnMoO4) microcrystals were synthesized by the different methods and structurally characterized X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies. A combined theoretical and experimental study on the electronic structure and photoluminescence (PL) properties these materials has been employed. Their optical properties were investigated by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy and PL measurements. First-principles quantum mechanical calculations based on the density functional theory at the B3LYP calculation level have been carried out. The blue and green PL emissions observed in these crystals of the CaMoO4 were ascribed to the intermediary energy levels arising from the distortions on the [MoO4] clusters due to intrinsic defects in the lattice of anisotropic/isotropic crystals. Band structure and Density of states descried the levels energy and a direct gap (G-G). In principle, the theoretical data suggested a strong hybridization between the O 2p (above the VB) and Mo 4d orbitals (near the CB), respectively. Band structure results indicate an indirect band gap for ordered and disordered models of the MgTiO3 in different regions of the Brilouin zone and density of states (DOS) show creates new levels energy with the dislocated Ti atom. The charge maps were used in this structure to verify densities charge distributed asymmetrically, contributing to the formation densities of electrons and holes in the structure. With relation the b-ZnMoO4, the theoretically calculated results of IR and Raman frequencies are in agreement with experimental results. UV-vis absorption measurements shows an optical band gap value of 3.17 eV, while the calculated band structure has a value of 3.22 eV. The density of states indicate that the main orbitals involved in the electronic structure of b-ZnMoO4 crystals are oxygen 2p in the valence band and Mo 4d in the conduction band.