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Comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos do rio Madeira e tributários no trecho de construção da UHE Santo Antônio do Madeira, Rondônia, Brasil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-18)
Nunes, Marcos Vinicius
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Rocha, Odete
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/7577441794992601
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/2486673216326112
The construction of hydroelectricity power plants in lotic systems promote changes in the morphological and functional characteristics of these ecosystems, also leading to changes in the structure and dynamics of biological communities, both, qualitative and quantitative. Among the communities usually inhabiting recently created reservoirs, benthic macroinvertebrates have special relevance for having close relationship with environmental factors, simultaneously and differently responding to environmental changes. Therefore, based on the hypothesis that the structure and composition of benthic community might be altered as a consequence of the river damming, the presente work had as its main objective to make a species inventory occurring in a stretch of the Madeira River, before and after the construction of the UHE de Santo Antônio do Madeira, determining the composition and spatial di stribution of Hirudinea assemblages, verifying if the Oligochaeta species associatins in Madeira River are similar to those found in other large South America rivers, and if the construction of the power plant altered the patterns of association and distribution of species. Besides that Chironomidae assemblages were analyzed aiming to see if they were also affected, looking at their responses evaluated by biological indices considering the environmental changes after river damming. For this, sediment samples were collected for benthic macroinvertebrates analyses in eight sampling points, being six located upstream the dam and two downstream, before and after damming. Water variables were in situ measured: pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and temperature, and the sediment collected for granulometric analyses and nutrient concentrations measurements. The results obtained showed that both, water variables and sediment size-fractions were altered in some localities influencing leeches assemblage composition and abundances. It was also observed that Oligochaeta assemblage had a pattern of species association and that it does not tend to disappear after the river damming. However, the river damming caused changes in the structure and composition of the populations of Chironomidae. A decrease in the richness of taxa and overall changes in the benthic community before and after damming was also observed, thus evidencing that dam construction acted as a controlling factor of benthic community. Although the taxonomic richness and diversity index have not responded to these changes, contrarily the β diversity and the relationship between diversity and abundance of classes were sensitive to changes caused by the damming.
Aplicação de biorreatores anaeróbios em diferentes temperaturas para produção de hidrogênio a partir de águas residuárias agroindustriais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-18)
Ramos, Lucas Rodrigues
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Silva, Edson Luiz
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/9720274214573371
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1194041789932200
The present evaluated the influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT), cheese whey substrate concentration, temperature in thermophilic range (55 a 75oC) and cofermentation of sugar cane stillage and cheese whey in continuous hydrogen production in anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) and expanded granular sludge bed reactor (EGSB). Seven reactors were used, being three of them in EGSB configuration in mesophilic temperature (30oC) feed in different cheese whey concentrations were inoculated with mesophilic sludge from the poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (RM5, RM15 e RM25). Other four reactors in AFBR configuration, inoculated with thermophilic sludge from the treatment of sugarcane stillage, were operated in thermophilic range. In these it was evaluated the effect of temperature in thermophilic range using as substrate cheese whey (RTS) and sugar cane stillage (RTV). Also, it was evaluated the cofermentation of stillage with cheese whey (RTCV e RTCVS). In the reactors RM5, RM15, RM25, RTS and RTV, it was observed the volumetric H2 production (HPR) and H2 content increase behavior from the HRT decrease. However, there was a decrease in H2 yield (HY) in lower HRT for all reactors, reaching a maximum of 5.51 ± 0.37 mmol.g DQO-1 (RTS). The increase in cheese whey substrate concentration favored the hydrogen production in EGSB reactors, with maximum HPR of 0.312 ± 0.026L H2.h-1.L-1 in the concentration of 25,000mg lactose.L-1 (RM25). The increase in temperature from 55oC to 75oC, the hydrogen production was reduced because of the difficult adaptation of the microbial community originally from a thermophilic sludge. The cofermentation strategy enabled the increase of HY in the HRT of 8h, with a maximum of 0.82 ± 0.07 mmol.g DQO-1 (RTCVS). The main soluble metabolites related to hydrogen production were acetic and butyric acids. On the other hand, higher lactate concentrations were observed in conditions with low hydrogen production.
Metodologia para guiar o desenvolvimento e implementação industrial de novas tecnologias unindo engenharia econômica e Engenharia de (bio)processos e sistemas : aplicação à produção de etanol de segunda geração
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-18)
Furlan, Felipe Fernando
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Costa, Caliane Bastos Borba
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Secchi, Argimiro Resende
;
Giordano, Roberto de Campos
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0834668419587001
Lignocellulosic ethanol, also called second generation ethanol, is a promising alternative for decreasing fossil fuel dependency globally. Nevertheless, its production process still needs further improvements in order to achieve industrial feasibility. Despite the massive experimental effort in this area, threshold values to be pursued in order to attain an economically feasible process are still missing. In this context, this study focused on constructing a methodology for economic evaluation of early-stage developing processes, such as second generation ethanol, aiming to show the R&D area directions to be followed for a successful industrial implementation of the process. The systematic procedure integrates bioprocess systems engineering (PSE) and economic engineering tools to perform a “retro” tecno-economic analysis. This analysis is able to identify the main process variables that influence the economic feasibility of the process and their target values. Initially, the methodology was tested on a case study involving the production of succinic acid from sucrose by fermentation. The methodology was able to eliminate one of the variables initially considered (sucrose conversion), due to its low influence on the process feasibility. Additionally, target values were obtained for the succinic acid concentration in the fermenter as a function of the selectivity and the specific productivity (the process variables chosen). Finally, the integrated production of ethanol from sugarcane juice and bagasse (first and second generation ethanol, respectively) was assessed. The three variables with the highest effect on the economic feasibility of the process were: the biocatalyst yield, the sucrose conversion and the solid mass fraction, both in the hydrolysis reactor. The reactor productivity, on the other hand, had little impact on the process feasibility. Besides, the experimental results already achieved the values needed for this variable. In general, the methodology was able to yield important information about both case studies required improvements for achieving economic feasibility. Although used in biochemical processes, the methodology is general, applying to all types of chemical processes.
Produção otimizada de 1,3-propanodiol, ácido propiônico, etanol e hidrogênio, a partir de glicerol bruto e cultura mista, em reator anaeróbio de leito fluidificado
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-18)
Paranhos, Aline Gomes de Oliveira
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Silva, Edson Luiz
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/9720274214573371
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/9803598246596705
This study aimed to optimize the production of hydrogen and other metabolites using crude glycerol as substrate, through design of experiments (DoE) and statistical process optimization. The first study aimed at optimizing the operational parameters of the fermentation process, and therefore, a mesophilic AFBR reactor was operated on 10 different phases, distributed as a combination of HRT and the glycerol concentration (Gc) proposed by a matrix containing CCD array containing 10 experimental trials. The HRT varied to 9.24h to 0.76h, while Gc ranged from 17.1g / L to 2.9 g / L. The results showed that the maximum conversion of glycerol (CG), 98.4%, was obtained using substrate concentrations lower than 5.0 g/L. The maximum yield (0.17 mol H2 / mol consumed glycerol) and H2 content in the produced biogas (87.4%) were achieved at concentrations greater than 10.0 g/L and HRT of 5h. Among the main soluble metabolites produced, 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) and propionic acid (HPr) stood out. The maximum yield of 1,3-PD (1.05 mol 1,3-PD / mol consumed glycerol) was obtained with 10.0 g/L glycerol in HRT of 9,24h, whereas the maximum yield of HPr (0.71 mol HPr / mol consumed glycerol) was achieved with 15.0 g/L of glycerol and HRT of 2h. The second study, in turn, consisted of optimizing the culture medium components (glycerol, KH2PO4, yeast extract and vitamin B12), through batch tests, and subsequent application in AFBR reactor. The maximum hydrogen and ethanol yields, 0.006 and 0.291 mol / mol consumed glycerol, was obtained in optimal culture medium consisting of 26.53 g/L glycerol, 1.75 g/L KH2PO4, 0.0076 g/L B12 and 0.5 g/L yeast extract. The application of optimal culture medium in a continuous reactor did not result in improvement of H2 and ethanol yields, however, caused an increase in 1,3-PD yield, reaching a maximum of 0.38 mol 1.3-PD / mol consumed glycerol.
Alelopatia em Pteridium arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Maxon. (Dennstaedtiaceae)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-18)
Jatoba, Luciana de Jesus
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Gualtieri, Sonia Cristina Juliano
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/9973185407856723
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1762622258880441
Pteridium plants are ferns (monilopytes) distributed all around the globe. These plants are considered problem species as they invade recently abandoned or burned areas, and areas under anthropogenic impacts. In Brazil, Pteridium arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Maxon. has become an important problem species at the Cerrado (Tropical Savanna) and Atlantic Forest biomes. To understand the mechanisms underlying invasive plants success are one of the greatest challenges of the last decades. Among the interaction that can influence this success, we find allelopathy. However, untill now we have few evidences for this phenomenon on these plants, especially from the isolation and indentification of secondary metabolites with activities related to allelopathy. Therefore, the present work aimed to evaluate the allelopathy role by direct phytotoxicity and abiotic changes in Pteridium arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Maxon. dominance in the areas it invades. To do so, the bioguided phytochemical study of this plant tissues and litter was performed, as well as the evaluation of the phytotoxic activity of phenolic compounds present in its litter and of its isolated and identified secondary metabolite against the early development of sesame, verifying the presence of this compound in the soil, its quantification, and evaluation of its interactions with physical and chemical soil characteristics. The phytochemical study led to the isolation and identification of a majoritarian compound in the plants green fronds and litter, the proanthocianidin selligueian A. This is the first time this compound is described for P. arachnoideum, as well as for the Dennstaediaceae family. Selligueain A showed phytotoxic activity against wheat coleoptiles elongation, with inhibitory activity over 71%, and IC50 of 0.69 mM. The poliphenols enriched fraction extracted from P. arachnoideum litter exert inhibitory activity against the early development of bioindicators species, native and invasive species of the Cerrado biome, specially over the development of these seedlings roots, besides activity against the metaxylem cells of sesame, and against chlorophyll content of sesame and the native weed Setaria parviflora. The allelopathic potential of the main poliphenolic compound of P. arachnoideum, selligueain A, was also evaluated against the early growth of sesame seedlings, promoting root and shoot growth in all the concentrations tested. Sesame seedlings grown in the presence of selligueain A showed smaller metaxylem cells when compared to the control, in the concentrations of 0.3 mM e 1 mM, with 50.82% inhibition in the greatest concentration and IC50 value of 0.98 mM. There was no activity of selligueain A against chlorophyll content of these seedlings. Analyses of extracts of soil collect under a P. arachnoideum patches pointed to the presence of selligueain A as major compound in soil solution, and, therefore, as a putative allelochemical produced by this plant. The concentration observed for this compound in the soil raged between 0.02 and 0.65 mM. According to allelopathic potential results, this concentration rage is sufficient to act over cooccurring plant species, promoting P. arachnoideum dominance. The presence of P. arachnoideum in Cerrado areas alters the chemical conditions of the soil, especially regarding N and Al, when compared to the presence of U. decumbens. Additionally, Al concentration is correlated to litter mass and to selligueain A concentration at the sites sampled. These results corroborates the hypothesis of allelopathy as a dominance mechanism of this plant in the areas where it occurs, with the first report of an allelochemical for a Pteridium species, by direct phytotoxic activity as well as by controlling Al concentration at those areas.
Desafios para a gestão da saúde do trabalhador: uma revisão integrativa da literatura
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-18)
Zagato, Alexandre Ricardo
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Sampaio, Sueli Fatima
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0737750473446351
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2644102816622109
In the last decades, several initiatives of the Brazilian society have been trying to consolidate advances in the public policies of integral attention in Occupational Health. The programs and actions in the field of Work Management and Health Education converge towards the consolidation of policies for valuing workers in health. In this context, the objective of this paper was to analyze the challenges that are required to achieve a policy aimed at occupational health, from an integrative literature review. The delimitations of the review were published between 2009 and 2019, searched in the Lilacs and Medline databases. The selected articles were analyzed using an analysis form proposed by the authors and specific considerations were analyzed using the Bardin analysis technique. The articles were grouped into six categories, so it can be understood that Occupational Health goes beyond the limits of occupational health, resulting from a set of political, social and economic factors. Then, when workers 'health is addressed in a way that promotes workers' health and reduces risks and health problems, through prevention, financial, structural and governmental incentives, training and updates of health professionals, there will be improvement in all limitations presented.
Discursividade, poder e autoria em raps brasileiros e portugueses : arenas entre a arte e a vida
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-18)
Moreira, Tatiana Aparecida
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Cunha, Maria Isabel Ribeiro Ferin
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/5870187942398757
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Severo, Cristine Gorski
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3566456623347060
In this study, we aim at analyzing Racionais MC's group and rapper MV Bill raps, in order to examine how power operates in the instance of production of discourse, specifically in the construction of authorship, comparing them with the Mind da Gap group‟s and rapper Boss AC‟s Portuguese raps. To do this, we use as a theoretical and methodological scope studies of Michel Foucault (1995, 2002b, 2004, 2013) about the relationship among discourse, power and resistance, to ascertain the mode of production of these raps, as well as Bakhtin Circle‟s concepts (1995, 2003, 2010b, 2013) on dialogism, responsive-active attitude, authorship, surplus of vision / exotopy, to examine the specificities of the construction of authorship in Brazilian and Portuguese raps. Therefore, in a specific detailed chapter, we carry on about the listed theoretical concepts. The corpus selection based on the listed albums (Nada como um dia após o outro, 2002, by Racionais MC's group; Causa e Efeito, 2010, by rapper MV Bill; Matéria Prima, 2008, by group Mind da Gap; Preto no Branco, 2009, by rapper Boss AC) represent a phase in which the artists had already established their careers. The research also presents a contextualization of the Hip Hop Movement from the United States to Brazil and Portugal. In addition, the concepts of popular urban culture are discussed from Bakhtin (2010a, 2010b), Canclini (2002, 2006), Certeau (2001, 2003), Mayol (2005) and Hall (2003, 2004) perspectives. After the joints performed which culminated in the analysis of the raps, we conclude that the specificities for the construction of authorship in Brazilian and Portuguese raps can be summarized as follows: i) in the rap style that presents peculiarities; ii) the style that distinguishes the work in groups or individually; iii) the dialogue between the spheres of ethics and aesthetics.
Percepções de professores iniciantes de Geografia sobre o trabalho de campo na escola: um estudo de caso
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-18)
Roethig, Camila
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Silva, Carlos Henrique Costa da
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/5444248390841543
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9126914555808328
Resumo em inglês não informado pelo autor.
O condicional evidencial no gênero jornalístico
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-18)
Lourenço, Fabiana Pirotta Camargo
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Hirata-Vale, Flávia Bezerra de Menezes
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2797556968074056
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2855892336281392
In this research, we propose the study of a type of evidential marker not yet described in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), the conditional tense, which indicates how the speaker had access to the information conveyed in the statement, in other words, what is the source of the information. The “evidential conditional value” has been studied in several languages. In French, Dendale (2010) seeks to characterize it and considers it as an essentially evidential use. In European Portuguese (EP), Oliveira (2013) analyzes it as a way that allows speakers to establish a detachment from the propositional content of their statements. On the other hand, Squartini (2001) describes this use in Romance languages (European Portuguese, English, French, Spanish and Italian), considering it a grammatical phenomenon internal to the verbal system. Therefore, based on the functionalist theory, in this research it is intended to make a detailed description of this conditional use in real contexts of use in BP. Based on occurrences provided by a corpus of the journalistic domain, comprising editorials, news and opinion articles, we aim to describe the functioning of the “conditional evidential value”, looking to set the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of this use. With this characterization will be possible to verify if the conditional morpheme can be considered a way of grammatically marking evidentiality in BP, a process which happens in other languages. This description will enable, besides, the verification of the discursive function of this use in the journalistic genres that compose the corpus. It is expected that the results of this research provide a refinement of the evidentiality category in BP, providing, in addition, a contribution to those who work with the journalistic genre, since this use can be considered an important discursive strategy in this area.
Trajetórias escolares de estudantes da UFSCar dos cursos de pedagogia presencial e a distância : contribuição ao estudo da formação docente
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-18)
Pereira, Mônica
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Silva, Marilda da
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0432607332289452
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Buffa, Ester
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8723354256930377
This work chooses as object of study the life and school trajectories of a student group of formal Pedagogy course (daytime and evening courses - campus of São Carlos) and Pedagogy distance course, at the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar). The research has a descriptive and analytical nature and is based, as main theoretical analysis, on the studies of Pierre Bourdieu (1975; 1983; 1994; 1998a; 1998b; 2002; 2005; 2008; 2009), especially the notion of habitus, cultural capital, economic capital and social capital. The hypothesis is that students enrolled in the Faculty of Pedagogy in different modalities (formal and distance education) have different profiles and school trajectories. Thus, it is important to describe its trajectories, identifying how related they are, if similar or different, so that it is possible to understand the contents of each path in the light of certification specificity to which the Pedagogy course corresponds. The research’s basic procedure is to collect documentary data sources as: Pedagogical Project of the course in each modality, course’s legislation and bibliographical research on the theme. The first step in collecting the information for the profile of the students took place through a questionnaire with content involving socioeconomic aspects, family, professional, educational and cultural. 184 students (39, daytime course; 42, evening, 103, online) have participated in this first stage of the research. The second stage of the data collection was carried out through semistructured interviews on which 18 students (6, daytime course; 6, evening; 6, online) have participated. This study was based on content analysis (Bardin, 1977), and the organization of the data gathered aimed to present a quantitative and detailed description of the information obtained from encodings that had as a unity sense the school trajectories of the participating students. The search results provide information on teacher training and professional performance expectation of students, data that allow to reflect on the very configuration of the Pedagogy course in the two modalities. Regarding the school trajectories of students, it was observed that 71% of the investigated group underwent primary and secondary education in public schools. An important data in relation to the students enrolled in distance education programme is that 63% of this group have already completed other graduation course. A possible comparison between the group trajectories allowed to understand how social practices, economic practices, professional practices and cultural background from the family can interfere in school trajectories of students and, consequently, in the decision-making process for choosing Higher education.
Construção de uma sequência didática com situações-problema envolvendo matemática financeira
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-19)
Gimenes, Deivid Geraldo
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Caetano, Paulo Antônio Silvani
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0370219014539994
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4200266058907319
This work deals with developing, structuring and implementation of a didactic sequence taught Financial Mathematics to high school students through reproduction environments able to provide them the opportunity to be protagonists in decisionmaking. Articulated with the French methodology of mathematics education known as Didactic Engineering, this pedagogical proposal has been designed with the aim of contributing to the youth actively participate in family financial planning. The first activity of the sequence focused on the inclusion of the student body in financial contexts in which situations were simulated conducive to learning and incorporating fundamental contents of Financial Mathematics. The second, favored the application of knowledge acquired, in scenarios where the Investment Analysis is essential for the provision of financial success. The results show that there was a significant learning capable of conferring the full potential students to apply the concepts covered in real situations, helping them to develop a new perspective on this important branch of mathematics.
Efeitos dos agrotóxicos diuron e carbofuran, isolados e em mistura, sobre organismos aquáticos e avaliação de risco ecológico
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-21)
Mansano, Adrislaine da Silva
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Rocha, Odete
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/7577441794992601
;
Seleghim, Mirna Helena Regali
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/5998337634888263
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diuron and carbofuran, isolated and mixed, on Raphidocelis subcapitata, Paramecium caudatum and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and carry out a preliminary risk assessment of these pesticides for Brazilian water bodies. For this, acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with individual compounds and in combination, in its standard form and commercial formulations. The results showed that in individual action, these pesticides significantly inhibited the R. subcapitata population growth and caused physiological (chlorophyll a content) and morphological (complexity and cell size) changes in the cells. For this alga, the toxicity of standard active ingredients and their commercial formulations showed no significant differences. For the protozoan P. caudatum, acute toxicity tests evidenced an increase of mortality with increasing exposure time for the selected compounds. Moreover, these pesticides caused a significant decrease in population growth, number of generations and biomass of P. caudatum. The toxicity of standard diuron and its commercial formulation was similar for this protozoan, while commercial carbofuran was more toxic than its standard form, suggesting a synergistic interaction with “inert” ingredients. In contrast, for the cladoceran C. silvestrii, acute toxicity tests showed that diuron commercial product was 7.2 times more toxic than its standard active ingredient, whereas for carbofuran, commercial product was 1.5 times less toxic than its standard active ingredient. Regarding chronic toxicity of diuron herbicide, both standard and commercial form caused hormetic effects on fertility of C. silvestrii female. Carbofuran significantly reduced the reproduction of C. silvestrii at concentrations from 0.38 μg L-1 onwards. The tropical species C. silvestrii was more sensitive to these pesticides than cladocerans commonly used in temperate regions, and in addition, for carbofuran, this species was the most sensitive organism already tested (EC50-48h = 0,86 μg L-1). According to the toxicity tests results of diuron and carbofuran mixtures, acute and chronic exposures on all selected test organisms caused significant deviations from the toxicity predicted by Concentration Addition and Independent Action reference models. For P. subcapitata, data indicated the occurrence of synergism in the mixture of these compounds, especially when diuron is the dominant chemical in combination. For P. caudatum, dose ratio dependent deviation (synergism caused by carbofuran and antagonism caused by diuron) was observed in acute exposure and deviation for antagonism was verified for population growth at sublethal concentrations of the standard compounds mixtures. For C. silvestrii, antagonism was observed in low doses and synergism at high doses, predominating synergism in acute exposures of standard pesticides mixtures, while for reproduction the deviation for antagonism was found. The commercial product mixtures of diuron and carbofuran showed significantly different effects and more severe than the standard compounds mixtures for P. caudatum and C. silvestrii. Therefore, diuron and carbofuran mixture can interact and cause toxic responses different from those predicted for individual compounds. According to the concentrations found in water bodies in Brazil, these compounds can cause direct and indirect toxic effects on communities of algae, protozoa and cladocerans and may change the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems. In a preliminary risk assessment of these pesticides, risk quotients were larger than 1, indicating that diuron and carbofuran represent potential ecological risks to Brazilian water bodies. Given the above, it is concluded that the pesticides studied alone and in combination, caused toxicity to test organisms and represent potential ecological risk for aquatic environments, which suggests the implementation by the regulatory agencies of more stringent measures for the use of pesticides to improve the protection of aquatic biota.
Modelagem e meta-heurísticas para o problema de roteamento de veículos com janelas de tempo, múltiplos entregadores e múltiplas viagens em uma empresa de distribuição de bebidas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-21)
Souza Neto, José Ferreira de
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Pureza, Vitória Maria Miranda
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9202201560058916
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3342241546549286
Vehicle routing problems occur in many practical situations where the pickup and/or delivery of goods is required. In this context, the present research aims to contribute to the study of logistic operations that arise in companies that deliver products on a regular basis to customers in densely populated urban areas. The problem consists in designing minimal cost daily routes serving the maximal number of customers. To this end, the crew of each vehicle comprise multiple deliverymen as means to reduce service times. Based on a case study in a drinks producer and distributor in the state of São Paulo, it is proposed a mixed integer linear programming model that comprise costs with own and chartered vehicles and the number of deliverymen, and various operational constraints such as time windows in customers, multiple daily trips, time limitations for the circulation of some vehicle types in specific areas, compatibility between vehicles and customers, maximum load in each vehicle, maximum route time and minimum load for the realization of a second trip. Results obtained by solving the model with real instances through exact (branch&cut), heuristic (constructive, local search, GRASP and Simulated Annealing) and hybrid (GRASP and branch&cut) approaches demonstrate the good quality of the generated solutions, and indicate the potential of application of some of these methods in practice.
Hábitos alimentares e conservação do lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) (Illiger, 1815) em um remanescente de Cerrado em Pirassununga – SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-21)
Müller, Samara Thays Moreira
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Rocha, Vlamir José
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8044368595391973
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/0564701870794442
The Brazilian Cerrado, the second largest biome in the country, holds a high diversity of species. An important remnant is located at the Air Force Academy (AFA). Previous to this project, no biological studies had ever been carried out on AFA grounds and collecting extensive data in this area will be crucial for its conservation. An important step is to gather knowledge about species of conservation interest such as the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), which is considered both a key-species and a flagship species for the Cerrado. It is estimated that over 90% of the maned wolf’s world population lives in Brazil, where the species is considered threatened and classified as “vulnerable”. Therefore, the protection of this species must be a priority in conservation projects in the country. It is also necessary that conservation efforts include a new way of looking at environmental challenges, in which humans are considered an integral part of the environment. The involvement of local communities can be decisive in the success or failure of conservation programs. In order to contribute to the conservation of the Cerrado, this project sought to verify the occurrence of the maned wolf in the Cerrado fragments at AFA and study the feeding habits of this species through the analysis of fecal samples. In addition, we tried to understand the perceptions of the workers at AFA regarding the Cerrado fragments and their associated wildlife, as well as the relationships between these people and the natural areas. The diet of the maned wolf was studied through the analysis of 61 fecal samples collected from October 2014 to September 2015. By frequency of occurrence, the queen palm coconut, arthropods and the wolf’s fruit were the most consumed items. Queen palm coconut, armadillos and lizards provided most of the consumed biomass. The niche breadth calculated through the standardized Levins’ index was 0,29 and chi-square and G tests showed there is seasonality in the diet. Our findings support the view that maned wolves are omnivorous. The items consumed were similar to the ones found in studies in more pristine areas, but there was a variation regarding the relative importance of food categories. The queen palm coconut and Arthropods were more frequent than in other studies, while birds, rodents and reptiles were found in smaller numbers. We investigated the perception of the personnel from AFA towards the Cerrado through the analysis of 40 semi structured interviews. The results indicate that most people do not have any knowledge regarding the fragments. This lack of knowledge is directly related to the attitudes that people have towards the Cerrado: most participants reported that they don’t feel any kind of connection with the biome. Finally, using the principles of critical environmental education as reference, we suggest a series of activities that can be employed to transform the relationship of these people with the environment. We emphasize that more studies should be done in this area, to which there is little information.
Blenda de Polihidróxibutirato(PHB)/Copoliéster Alifático Aromático (AAC) Ecoflex® reforçada com nanofibras de celulose (NFC): análise da resistência mecânica e propriedades químicas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-21)
Raimundo, Ivan Freitas
;
Menezes, Aparecido Junior de
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Botaro, Vagner Roberto
Due to increasing use of polymeric materials in society and the large volume of of those materials disposal in nature, the biodegradable polymers have increased interest in research of materials area. The Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biodegradable polymer used in this work for preparation of a blend with other biodegradable polymer, the aromatic aliphatic Copoliéster (AAC). The central idea was to obtain a material that maintain good mechanical properties due to resistance of PHB and flexibility of the AAC. The percentages reasons in mass of PHB:AAC used for the prepration of physical mixture were 90:10, 80:20 and 95:5. The blends preparation has employed in a first step a solubilization process using chloroform as solvent and after thermoforming process as final preparation step. Some blends were reinforced with cellulose nanofibers extracted from bamboo (NFC) to form a composite. Some techiniques were used to determine the properties of the blend: analysis of FTIR, SEM, DMTA and optical microscopy. DMA tests in tensile module have shown that the blend offers interesting properties, such as increased flexibility of some blends when compared to the PHB without significant decrease in mechanical strength. The images obtained in SEM showed that there is interaction between the phases present in the blend and that this interaction benefits the miscibility, however the increase in composition of Ecoflex in the blend results on phase separation which can cause changes in the mechanical and chemical properties. The results obtained by DMA analysis on flexural modulus and also the DSC analysis have showed important informations about the the miscibility of blends and the relation of miscibility and temperature. For the composites it became evident that the addition of nanofibers have occasioned in 10 to 15% change in the values of the storage and loss module, making the more rigid material when compared to the bends
Variabilidade genética em populações de Virola surinamensis (Rol. ex Rottb.) Warb. (Myristicaceae): uma espécie ameaçada da Amazônia
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-21)
Corrêa, Aparecida Juliana Martins
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Piña-Rodrigues, Fátima Conceição Márquez
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1475369713141675
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4940603316970363
Virola surinamensis (Rol. ex Rottb.) Warb. é uma espécie dioica e ameaçada de extinção, dado o seu alto valor comercial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar se as consequências da atividade exploratória podem ter acarretado em perdas de diversidade genética nas populações estudadas na Amazônia paraense. Foram feitas amostragens para os indivíduos adultos em quatro localidades, avaliando-se a estrutura genética, com 136 indivíduos, em nove populações; e a estrutura da população por meio de inventário, em 12 populações. Foi realizada a genotipagem para oito locos microssatélites para a avaliação da diversidade e estrutura genética espacial, divergência entre populações e coeficiente de coancestria. No inventário, os indivíduos foram analisados segundo a distribuição diamétrica, de altura e espacial para avaliar a intensidade exploratória. Os resultados genéticos apontaram que as nove populações foram polimórficas para os locos utilizados, no entanto, com excesso de homozigotos, com alta heterozigosidade esperada (0,896) e baixa heterozigosidade observada (0,374). A diversidade genética está contida muito mais dentro (0,918) do que entre (0,017) as populações. A estrutura genética espacial intrapopulacional foi decorrente do cruzamento entre indivíduos aparentados, equivalente à primos de primeiro grau e meios irmãos, confirmados pela presença de poucos adultos e muitos jovens agregados entre si nas populações. No inventário, houve diferença entre as regiões estudadas quanto à distribuição diamétrica (Cametá e Cotijuba), mas não com relação à distribuição de altura; todas as populações apresentam algum grau de agregação, no entanto, as populações de Cotijuba foram altamente agregadas, segundo o índice de Green (IG = 0,7 a 0,9). Dadas as condições das populações estudadas, houve perdas de diversidade genética decorrentes da atividade extrativa em consequência da própria ecologia da espécie.
Desenvolvimento de modelos de calibração multivariada em espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo para ácidos graxos em amostras de carne bovina
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-21)
Sousa, Jonas da Silva
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Nogueira, Ana Rita de Araújo
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7034773971317045
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2951108546726718
The Brazilian cattle have shown promise prominence in the international market compared to other commodities. It already knows the important role of fatty acids in the complimentarily of human nutrition. On the other hand, studies have linked the consumption of beef with increasing rate of diseases associated with high levels of "bad" cholesterol (LDL) in the blood. Because of these two aspects on the topic meat (nutritional value and human health), it is seen necessary to determine the levels oftrans fatty acids in meat. Among the methods for analysis of total lipids and lipid profile, stands out the extraction of fat and chromatography, respectively. In this project was proposed to develop multivariate calibration models for the analysis of total lipids and lipid profile with the use of near-infrared spectroscopy in beef samples which the levels were previously determined. Eighteen properties were analyzed, including: total lipids and myristic fatty acids, pentadecylic, palmitic, margaric, stearic, palmitoleic, oleic, elaidic, linoleic, α-linolenic and families of fatty acids with branched, saturated, monounsaturated (cis), conjugated linoleic (cis, trans), and omega 3 and 6 polyunsaturated. We used 127 bovine meat samples from the calibration steps and internal validation (2/3 to 1/3 calibration and validation for internal and 32 external validation samples. We used the PLSR method for the construction of multivariate models. Flesh spectra were extended from 1111 to 1937, and from 2016 to 2500 nm regions, and regions concerning water and noise judged as interfering in the calibration process were removed during the models construction. We evaluated the performance of the models based on the applied pre-treatments (smoothing, first derivative Savitzky-Golay, SNV), the number of latent variables, consistency, SEC, SEP and determination coefficients (R2 cal/val). The models chosen as having better predictive capacity were those of total lipids, myristic acid, palmitic acid, margárico and saturated fatty acids, demonstrating that the NIRS has a high potential for the quantification of lipid constituents of the beef.
Valores de vitamina D e irisina e sua correlação com a composição corporal em crianças com adrenarca precoce
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-21)
Furino, Vanessa de Oliveira
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Germano, Carla Maria Ramos
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1685750854841732
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/5406611490052377
Introduction: Premature adrenarche (PA) is characterized by the appearance of pubic hair and/or axillary, acne and body odor before age 8 in girls and before 9 in boys and these individuals are at increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS). Vitamin D and irisin seem to have an active role in the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, however, little is known of the role of these hormones in the PA. Objective: To analyze the vitamin D and irisin levels in children diagnosed with PA and the relationship of these substances with body composition of these children. Methodology: a quantitative exploratory cross-sectional study that evaluated 15 children diagnosed with PA and 15 controls (C) matched recruited in the public health of the city of São Carlos, Brazil. Anthropometric data were analyzed: height, weight, waist circumference (WC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The participants did tests of FSH, LH, testosterone, estradiol, blood glucose, insulin, 17OHP, total cholesterol (TC), LDL, HDL, triglycerides (TG), S-DHEA, 25(OH)D and irisin. Data analysis was performed using the GraphPad Prism 5 program. The paired Wilcoxon test was used to assess the difference between means and the correlation through the Spearman test, with 5% significance level. Results: There was no significant difference between the C and PA groups in anthropometric data. The TG levels (99 ± 14.8 mg/dl in the children C versus 68 ± 9.1 mg/dl in children with PA) (p= 0.0233) and 25(OH)D (26 ± 0.9 ng/ml in the children C versus 30.2 ± 1.6 ng/ml in children with PA) (p= 0.0307) significantly were different between groups. In group C the variable that correlated significantly with irisin was 25(OH)D (r= -0.9358); in the PA group: LDL (r= 0.5620), 17OHP (r= 0.6014), TG (r= 0.6434), insulin (r= 0.5998) and relationship glucose/insulin (r= -0.7033). In group C the variable that was significantly correlated with vitamin D was irisin (r = -0.9358); there was no significant correlation of variables with 25(OH)D in the AP group. Discussion and Conclusion: This study showed higher percentage of individuals with hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and CA high in the PA group, important markers of MetS and future cardiovascular disease. An innovative result of this study was the strong negative correlation between irisin and 25(OH)D found in C children, suggesting an interaction of these two hormones in these individuals, which may be related to compensatory modulation of irisin in response to changing metabolism lipid found in this group. In children with PA, the highest correlation of metabolic parameters with irisin may represent a physiological modulation of this hormone by elements related to carbohydrate metabolism (as in control children C) and a specific modulation in PA, due to the same pathophysiological mechanisms that result in unfavorable metabolic profile. Since the PA can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, these children must have a suitable and long-term clinical follow-up.
Problemas elípticos não lineares envolvendo equações do tipo Kirchhoff
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-21)
Guimarães, Mateus Balbino
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Rodrigues, Rodrigo da Silva
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9606661651573155
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2453670728817949
In this work we study the existence of weak solutions for four nonlinear elliptic problems of Kirchhoff type. These problems have in common the presence of a function M : R+ [ f0g ! R+; known as Kirchhoff-type function. The first problem deals with a Kirchhoff type equation involving subcritical exponents while the second problem deals with the same equation but with a critical Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg exponent. In the third problem, we study a system of Kirchhoff type equations involving critical Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg exponents. The latter problem involves a Kirchhoff type operator and a nonlinear boundary condition. Due to the presence of the Kirchhoff type operator in the equations, these problems are called nonlocal problems. This phenomenon causes some mathematical difficulties, which makes the study of such a class of problem, particularly interesting. In our studies we used classical variational methods such as The Mountain Pass Theorem and the Krasnoseslkii genus theory.
Metodologias de síntese e modificações estruturais em meso-Tetraarilporfirinas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-03-21)
Momo, Patrícia Betoni
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Oliveira, Kleber Thiago de
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3759761373942891
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7510519147041551
In this thesis we describe studies towards the synthesis of porphyrins aiming the optimization of literature protocols leading to more environmental friendly approaches. Also, structural modifications and photophysical evaluations in meso-tetraarylporphyrins were studied, especially in mesotetra(thien-2-yl) porphyrins. Classical synthetic methods for porphyrins involve the use of high temperatures, toxic solvents, high dilution, and often low yields. In view of this, we decided to explore the methodology described by Bonar-Law in order to verify the feasibility of using aqueous environments in the synthesis of porphyrins. Some modifications were studied using sodium dodecylbenzylsulfonate (SDBS) as a critical micelle-forming instead of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as previously described, and the use of trichloroisocyanuric acid as oxidizing agent instead of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ), and montmorillonite K-10 as catalyst instead of HCl. These were chosen in order to use reagents with less environmental impact. However, the results were not satisfactory, yielding amounts of side-products reported in the literature. Also, we have studied the synthesis of porphyrins under continuous flow conditions, since the use of this technology gives more safety and efficiency to chemical reactions. The experiments under continuous flow conditions were performed using an adaptation of Gonsalves and Lindsey methodologies. First, the synthesis of tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) was optimized, and different flow, temperature and concentration of reagents were evaluated in order to obtain the best reaction conditions. Thus, under continuous flow conditions employing tubular reactors (adaptations Gonsalves methodology), the highest yield for mesotetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) was 31% using a concentration of 0.2 mol L-1 for the pyrrol, and benzaldehyde, a flow of 0.6 mL min-1 at 140 °C. For comparison, the same experiment performed in batch resulted in 25% yield for TPP. Moreover, streaming technology has enabled the synthesis of various meso-substituted derivatives in yields of 9% to 39% indicating good versatility of this tool. The use of solid phase reactors (Lindsey methodology adaptations) consisted of preliminary experiments should be explored in more detail and will be carried on by the research group. With regard to meso-tetra(2-thienyl)porphyrins, these exhibit unique photophysical, photochemical and electrochemical properties and have been identified as potential photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and solar cells (CS) applications. In view of this, we decided to study different conditions for the synthesis, structural modification and the photodynamic properties of these porphyrin derivatives. Meso-tetra(2-thienyl)porphyrin was successfully synthesized using different methodologies with improvements in the yields after experimental modifications of the literature procedures. After systematic studies, meso-tetra(thien-2-yl)porphyrin was obtained in pure form with 36% yield, using chlorobenzene as solvent, hydroxylamine hydrochloride as catalyst and nitrobenzene as oxidant. Nitration reactions were carried out using mild reaction conditions with sodium nitrite and trifluoroacetic acid. The nitrated derivatives were obtained at α-position of thiophene in 66% yield for the mono-nitro product and 59% for the tetra-nitro product. Also, the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction was studied for obtaining functionalized meso-tetra(2-thienyl)porphyrins with formyl groups. In these studies only formylations at the α-position of the thiophene ring were observed, and no formylation at the β position of the porphyrin core (common for tetraphenylporphyrins). Moreover, we obtained reaction conditions in which only mono-formylated product was formed (10%), or only the tetra-formylated product (10%), as well as experimental conditions that yielded different products (mono, di, tri and tetra -formylated). After obtaining the desired formylated product, we studied the application of mono-formylated product in Wittig reaction, Peterson olefination and condensation with 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4adiaza-s-indacene (BODIPY ). The latter studies were only an initial exploration and still require further elaboration. Porphyrin derivatives as 2-thienyl-chlorins and 2-thieny- bacteriochlorins were obtained by cycloaddition reactions with nitrile oxide 1,3-dipole with good yields. Also, preliminary photophysical studies of these compounds were performed in order to evaluate the potential of these photosensitizers as photoactive dyes. The photophysical results indicated that the obtained compounds are good producers of oxygen, present good photo-stability and did not undergo aggregation in the studied concentration range. Therefore, the 2- thienyl-chlorins and 2-thienyl-bacteriochlorins obtained in this study showed promising characteristics for use as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. Finally, the new heterocycles herein obtained presented bathochromic shift of the absorption bands in the electromagnetic spectrum, since molecules having this characteristic represent high interest in chemical photosensitizers.