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Influência de indicadores socioeconômicos e ambientais sobre as infrações ambientais nos municípios do Centro Técnico Regional de Fiscalização de Sorocaba
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-05-06) Tremeschini, Letícia Horvath; Valente, Roberta de Oliveira Averna; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1582627535733911; Faria, Luiz Carlos de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2656343277991754; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5899748262343398
In face of the worldwide need for preservation of the environment, specific legislations have been developed aiming to assure the environmental rights and allow their attackers to be punished. It is however needs to understand the dynamics of the sanctions that are applied and their relations with the socioeconomic and environmental indicators of the counties where they written the infractions records. It is expected, therefore, to contribute with the formulation and execution of public policies for the preservation and conservation of the environment. In this sense, have been evaluated the influence of some socioeconomics and environmental indicators in the number of infractions records issued in the municipalities that are located in Sorocaba Inspection Regional Technical Center. The indicators used were: area, population, per capita income, municipal gross domestic product, municipal human development index, basic education development index, native forest, the distance from environmental military police headquarters, and also the location of dams and large rivers. The categories of environmental infractions were grouped empirically, and the municipalities by the multivariate method called cluster analysis and the influences of the indicators about the infractions were obtained by multiple regression method. During the considered period, the largest number of infractions have been written in the category "common area", and the year of 2011 which were written the largest number of records. As the analyzed counties, Ibiuna has presented as the place where the majority of the written infractions occurred. Statistically significant relations were found between the number of infractions with the indicators: population, municipal gross domestic product, native forest and the distance from environmental military police headquarters. In general, some adjustments have not resulted in satisfactory statistical models, in which the variables little explain the number of infractions. Even for the adjustments with statistical significance and high values of the coefficients, it was not possible to find scientific explanation or empirical evidence conclusive to justify the relation. Both results indicate that other variables, that not those used in this study, influence the relations analyzed. For this reason, it is necessary that additional studies are performed to help the formulation and implementation of environmental policies.
A conciliação ambiental e o atendimento ambiental no estado de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-05-06) Zanquim Junior, José Wamberto; Oliveira, Celso Maran de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9911833172043700; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7672611870413427
The environment, a diffuse and common use right, requires the adoption of swift and effective solution to the existing conflicts and also the prevention of new occurrences. In this sense the traditional judicial resources present in Brazil with the task of solving the environmental demands, due to several factors, such as bureaucratization, absence of equipment, staff and specialization, and decisions, often late, lead to shortfalls, imposing the search for new ways and new directions. In this scope, glimpsing at an alternative to judicialization of environmental issues, the State of São Paulo, by means of Decree No. 60.342/2014 and the resolutions number 51 and number 48, both from the year 2014, issued by the State Department of environment, as well as, by Ordinance No. 18/2014 of coordination of Environmental Supervision, created the State administrative procedure nominated “Atendimento Ambiental e o Programa de Conciliação Ambiental” (“Environmental Care and Environmental Conciliation Program”), to apply penalties to environmental violations provided for in Federal Decree No. 6.514/2008. This procedure aims at the conciliatory solution of conflicts through limited mutual concessions on the percentages of discounts and suspension of the penalty values applied or their conversion into environmental services, due to the unavailable nature of environmental goods, and on deadlines for actions implementation and measures for the recovery of the affected areas. In this sense, the discounts are possible before proof of weakened economic situation, low schooling, commitment to recovery of damages, first offender status and contribution to the procedure. Furthermore, in addition to its conciliatory objective, the administrative procedure is intended to promote environmental education through providing environmental instructions set out in the booklet “Conduta Ambiental Legal” ("Cool Environmental Conduct"), reduce environmental liabilities, and remedy environmental damage. Also, the procedure seeks to add speed and efficiency in investigation and penalize environmental offenders while still in administrative level.
Preparação, caracterização e aplicação de eletrodos tridimensionais de carbono vítreo reticulado recobertos com filmes de PbO2 para a degradação do corante reativo AR 19 e glifosato
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-05-06) Farinos, Rosimeire Martins; Ruotolo, Luís Augusto Martins; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6167735734348703; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8550247962242598
Electrodeposition of a PbO2 film was performed onto reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) substrates with porosities of 45, 60, and 80 ppi, at 65 ºC in a flow reactor, starting with a solution containing Pb(NO3)2, surfactant, and HNO3. Investigation was made of the effects of current density and electrodeposition time on the coverage and uniformity of the PbO2 film formed. The electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and linear potential scanning. The use of high currents resulted in the formation of thick films in regions close to the counter-electrode, which compromised film adhesion, while the application of lower currents ensured a uniform and adherent PbO2 coating. In tests of the decoloration of AR 19 dye using the best electrodes produced, better performance was achieved using RVC/PbO2, compared to VC/PbO2, due to the greater specific surface area and increased hydrodynamic turbulence caused by the tridimensional substrate, which increased the mass transport coefficient and therefore enhanced the degradation process. The optimum conditions for use of the RVC/PbO2 electrode were 3.5 mA cm-2 and 30 minutes of electrosynthesis. Electrochemical degradation of the herbicide was performed using the 60 ppi RVC/PbO2 electrode in a flow reactor. Box-Behnken design was used to study the effects of current density, flow, and temperature on the kinetics of degradation (COD) and mineralization (TOC), current efficiency (ε), and energy consumption (η). The best degradation and mineralization kinetics values were obtained with the upper limits of the variables studied (30 mA cm-2, 150 mL min-1, and 50 oC). Increasing the flow rate from 150 to 1500 mL min-1 increased εG from 18% to 65%, and decreased ηG from 72 to 33 kWh kg-1, reflecting a higher mass transport coefficient. In comparative tests, using degradation of the herbicide and phenol, the performance of the RVC/PbO2 electrode was slightly lower than that of a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode. Considering that the RVC/PbO2 device is less expensive than DDB electrodes, it can be concluded that this tridimensional electrode is promising for use in the degradation of organic pollutants.
Diretrizes para o gerenciamento de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos. Estudo de caso : Uberaba, MG
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-05-06) Rajovic, Katia da Costa Sousa; Teixeira, Bernardo Arantes do Nascimento; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1166854416745527; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1176567653785030
The waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is a sort of waste that has been experiencing significant arising in its generation rates, consisting of a great challenge to decision makers and to society as a whole when it comes to its management. Toxic substances found in WEEE components are also reason of concern. Thus, the correct disposal of WEEE is essential. In Brazil the law 12.305/2010, the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP) features the correct destination for WEEE, which now have to be included in reverse logistics systems, taking into consideration all the agents of the generation of WEEE process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a general guideline for the management of WEEE, considering the shared responsibility for the waste, having as a study case the city of Uberaba, Brazil. To reach the aim of this study data was collected from different agents that deal with WEEEs, such as retailers, technical assistance companies, cooperatives and other organizations that receive or give a destination to such waste. It has not been possible to estimate the exact amount of WEEE generated in the visited places, once the respondents have no form of monitoring these amounts. However, it has been possible to identify forms of destination of the waste, and the informal sector was shown to be a frequent option for that purpose. It has also been possible to note that most of the interviewed persons have no knowledge regarding the NSWP nor are taking part in actions aiming the development of reverse logistics programs. Suggestions were listed in the end of the work, hoping to contribute towards future programs for WEEE management, taking into consideration the situation observed and other studies developed by others about the subject.