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Preparo de amostras e análise elementar de produtos farmacêuticos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-08-17) Garcia, Mariana Ortega; Nóbrega, Joaquim de Araújo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8833989058164529; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4186415482055313
The medicine manufacture process may cause the final product contamination with metallic residues to the detriment of human healthy. Aiming to regulate the pharmaceutical production and establish standards of final products quality, organizations such as the USP, EMA and ICH established regulations governing maximum exposure to target elements, including some metals that are known to be toxic to human health. Other elements, despite its essentiality in certain concentrations, require exposure control. Regularly a sample to be measured by ICP techniques requires its conversion to a representative solution, usually involving microwave-assisted acid digestion. Once decomposed, the elemental analysis is done using inductively coupled plasma techniques. This study aims to establish a general method of sample preparation and elemental analysis of drug samples (excipients, continuous use drugs, multivitamins, multiminerals and natural products), in order to meet the demands of the pharmaceutical industry. In this sense, sample preparation was based on microwave assisted acid digestion using the following reagents: nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The established procedure involves a 41 min heating program with a maximum temperature of 210 oC. The efficiency of digestion was assessed by determination of dissolved organic carbon. Best digestions were reached using 5 ml of inverted aqua regia for 500 mg of sample. The elemental analysis techniques used were ICP OES and ICP-MS. In both cases, analytical calibration curves were built based on the J value, established by USP, which takes into account the permitted daily exposure to the target element, the maximum daily dose of medicament and the sample dilution factor. Both techniques were suitable for metal impurities determination. For ICP OES recoveries were close to 100% for most analytes in all tested samples. For ICP-MS, despite being within the range from 70 to 150% set by USP, recoveries still require further evaluation.
Simulação do clima de 2050 em campo e seus efeitos sobre o crescimento de forrageiras
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-08-17) Bortolin, Livia Haik Guedes de Camargo; Prado, Carlos Henrique Britto de Assis; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7561749470600567; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8604778537538094
This research was conducted to understand the climate responses of two tropical forages to a future scenario predicted for 2050, regardless of the season. We consider the hypothesis of the consortium between the two forages is a grazing alternative in a future climate. To test this hypothesis, we studied two forages under controlled atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature in field conditions using a system named Trop-T-FACE. This system gave us the competence to mimic atmospheric conditions predicted for 2050 (600 ppm of CO2 in the atmosphere (eC) and an increase of 2 ºC in the canopy temperature). The C4 grass Panicum maximum and the C3 legume Stylosanthes capitata grew on current agricultural practice, in an area of 2500 m2 on the campus of the University of São Paulo in Ribeirão Preto – SP. We tested the hypothesis about the consortium between the two forages being a grazing alternative in a future climate. In the winter of 2013 and the autumn of 2014, the forage grew on irrigated consortium. In the autumn of 2015, S. capitata grew in monoculture without irrigation. Sixteen parcels in a ring form with 2 m of diameter were used for monitoring the growth and development of the species C3 and C4 species during growth periods of 35 days approximately after the initial cut. Several plant organization levels were accompanied under field conditions in Control plots, plots with elevated CO2 concentration (eC), under heating (eT), and under high CO2 concentration and heat (eC+eT). In the first chapter is the experiment conducted during the winter of 2013, with P. maximum in irrigated consortium with S. capitata. The climatic conditions of temperature were suboptimal for the C4 grass growth. Thus, the warming explicitly promoted the foliage development. The higher atmospheric CO2 concentration caused downregulation in leaf biomass accumulation. The changes resultant of the atmospheric alterations also caused modifications of leaf N concentration and biomass partition in the plant. Under combined treatment (eC+eT), the inhibitory effects of the CO2 increase were offset by the increment resultant of warming. Therefore, in the future climatic conditions, during the winter in the Brazilian Southeast region, the heating of the leaves will mitigate the inhibition by excess carbon, as long as the consortium is free of water and nutritional impediments. In the autumn of 2014, a new experiment was performed with P. maximum and S. capitata growing in irrigated consortium. This experiment is described in the second and third chapters. In the second chapter are the results of P. maximum in irrigated consortium. The purpose of conducting this experiment in the autumn was mainly to compare the influence of warming on the grass leaves in a warmer season. During the autumn, the treatments accelerated the leaf phenology of the C4 grass, including leaf senescence. The isolated increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration (eC) or combined with warming (eC+eT) conditioned narrower leaves, probably by alterations in the leaf meristem formation process. Changes in leaf width may cause modifications in forage quality and affect the consumption by the cattle. However, the presence of narrower leaves was compensated by a greater number of leaves and the tiller biomass remained. On the other hand, the C3 legume growing in irrigated consortium during the autumn of 2014, presented several changes with no statistical differences in vegetative growth, despite the heat (eT) have been shown to be harmful to it. The results of this experiment are described in the third chapter. Being a legume adapted to warm climates, the main negative changes observed in S. capitata under warming (eT) were attributed to competition with P. maximum in the consortium. The separate heating (eT) stimulated further growth of the grass, which shadowed and softened the heat arrival in the C3 species. However, the warming (eT) significantly stimulated the flowering. In the treatment that simulated warming and CO2 concentration in the 2050 climate (eC+eT), there were more branches due intense flowering at the apex of the shoot and consequently interruption of apical dominance. The predicted future climate scenario is not favorable besides leaf biomass in this C3 species remaining the same among applied atmospheric regimes. Furthermore, the irrigation of extensive grazing warmed areas is economically and ecologically unviable and did not increase the availability of leaf biomass of S. capitata in the consortium in the year 2050. An experiment was conducted during the autumn of 2015, with the legume in monoculture without irrigation to identify the real influence of the irrigation on S. capitata growth. CO2 atmospheric enrichment increased neither biomass nor the leaf area. On the other hand, it occurred greater investment on flowers at the expense of vegetative shoot compartments. Nonetheless, enhancing flowering was only possible with soil water content greater than 0.3 m3 m-3. Warming combined with soil water shortage caused higher mortality of shoots. The rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration predicted for 2050 will not be enough to mitigate the damaging effects on leaf biomass production of the warming of about 2 ºC, in field conditions without irrigation, in this shrub C3 legume. Thus, the consortium, even irrigated, was not as an alternative pasture in climate predicted for 2050. The monoculture of the C3 legume without irrigation brought results even more concerning. The data obtained in these studies can base the development of new pasture management strategies. Also, they provide relevant information for the development of public policies to support the productive chain of meat and milk, the largest in Brazil and one of the largest in the world.
Endividamento da indústria brasileira: restrição financeira e influência do colateral
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-08-17) Vasconcelos, Juliana; Meirelles, Jorge Luís Faria; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0026759386506030; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5996022690857934
The imperfect capital market is related to asymmetry of information. The investment decisions of companies are sensitive due to the availability of internal resources. In this sense, this paper aims to analyze the influence of collateral in the level of indebtedness of companies. The sample used in this study consists of 41 non-financial Brazilian companies from industrials sectors which have shares traded on the BM&F Bovespa and are part of the Economática database between the years of 2004 and 2014. The ratio of debt and the collateral was analyzed by multiple regression. Four collateral types were used, they sorted through their financial status - constraint or unconstrained- adopting as a criterion the issuance of debentures and the size of the company. The main results suggest that companies with financial constraint and financial unconstrained are significant in relation to collateral, a result which confronts other studies that claim that only companies with financial constraint depend on the collateral to be indebted.
Análise dos recursos em incubadoras de empresas de base tecnológica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016-08-17) Freire, Clarissa Dourado; Sacomano Neto, Mário; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0000793038362058; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2394762081205933
This research aimed to identify and analyze what are the features supported by the incubators of technology-based companies for the incubated companies and analyze what is the importance of these resources for the operation and the incubators and TBCs. As theoretical guidelines were adopted prospects of Resource Based View, which addresses the survival of businesses based on their internal resources and Resource Dependence, which aims to understand the organizational interdependence considering the external environment of organizations. To this end, the triangulation of methods was adopted, with quantitative and qualitative approach, with the use of survey and multi case study. The case study was made with the implementation of semi structured interviews with Supera incubators, Softex and Cinet / Softnet, all in the state of São Paulo and the survey was made the basis of a questionnaire based on the Likert Scale applied to a sample 30 technology-based companies, drawn from a universe of 120 companies that are incubated by the interviewed incubators. For the processing of data were used the descriptive statistics and regression analysis based perspective of total factor productivity, which aims to identify which affects the income of a business and that is not directly related to production factors, with proposing two options, the first being that the resources do not affect the revenue of TBCs and the second is that affect revenue. Even for the case study was made the content analysis. From the survey data it was possible to identify five categories of resources, physical, financial, technological, organizational and human, and further confirm the hypothesis that resources affect the performance of TBCs, and the most representative are the physical resources. It was also observed that the incubators seek ways to provide the resources required for TBCs, are the improvement of its internal resources, as evaluates the resource-based view, are the relationships with other organizations, through the inter-organizational relationships, as recommended by the dependence resources. And TBCs seek in the incubation program a way to deal with the adversities of the environment and the market as well as additional resources.