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Produção de etanol 2G a partir de hemicelulose de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar utilizando Saccharomyces cerevisiae selvagem e geneticamente modificada imobilizadas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-30) Milessi, Thais Suzane dos Santos; Zangirolami, Teresa Cristina; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4546701843297248; Giordano, Raquel de Lima Camargo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9695542424889786; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7000002745065879
In ethanol production process from hemicellulosic fraction, the use of xylooligomers (XOS) as substrate reduce the contamination risk, favoring its application at industrial scale. Thus, a biocatalyst, containing xylanases, xylose isomerase (XI) and yeast co-immobilized in calcium alginate gel, was developed and XOS simultaneous hydrolysis, isomerization and fermentation (SHIF) process was studied. Firstly, xylanases from Multifect CX XL A03139 (XAS-5), a commercial enzyme preparation, and the recombinant xylanase from Bacillus subtilis (XynA) were selected to compose biocatalyst beads. XAS-5 presented better conversion (78.7%) and higher xylose production in the hydrolysis of beechwood xylan, while XynA showed exclusive endoxylanase activity. The immobilization and stabilization of XynA were performed in chitosan-glutaraldehyde, chitosan-glyoxyl and agarose-glyoxyl. Although the enzyme was efficiently immobilized on all supports, the agarose-glyoxyl-XynA derivative was notable for exhibiting remarkable stabilization under tested conditions (8600 times). Studies of SHIF process were carried out with birchwood xylan, leading to ethanol production (0.160 g/g and 0.092 g/L.h) and xylose accumulation, which indicated XI activity decrease. Further experiments were then performed to to identify possible inhibitors of XI (pH, Ca2+, Mg2+ and xylooligosaccharides). Ca2+ was identified as an inhibitor, while Mg2+ acts as an activator of the enzyme, and both actions are potentiated at acidic pHs. XI is also inhibited by XOS, with a decrease of 31.6% in XI activity in the presence of 7.0 g/L of xylobiose. For this reason, it was decided to evaluate SIF process with a recombinant yeast, capable of expressing XI. In batch runs, GSE16-T18 (T18) yeast encapsulated in alginate gel was capable to ferment xylose efficiently, consuming 40 g/L of xylose in 4 h and producing 14.4 g/L of ethanol, with yield of 0.422 g/g and productivity of 3.61 g/L.h. Calcium alginate gel encapsulation also contributed to protect yeast from the action of inhibitors, such as acetic acid. The encapsulated T18 was able to perform 10 consecutive cycles in repeated batch (yeast extract-peptone medium with 40 g/L of xylose), keeping the same productivity and high yields. It also fermented efficiently sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, containing 60 g/L of fermentable sugars and high grade of inhibitors. The modified yeast to be more tolerant to acetic acid, GSE16-T18 HAA1, was also studied, exhibiting superior performance in comparison to T18 for hydrolysate fermentations. Continuous experiments were conducted in a fixed bed reactor using the T18-HAA1 yeast immobilized, with different xylose concentrations (40, 60, 80 and 120 g/L) in the feed medium. The reactor was operated up to 15 days, without bacterial contamination, with yield of 0.45 g/g, productivity of 4.8 g/L.h and selectivity of 31 gethanol/gxylitol (60 g/L of xylose in the feed). For the concentrations higher than 60 g/L, the conversion decreased after 4 days of continuous operation, indicating loss of cell viability due to hazardous effect of ethanol when present at 30 g/L or more, as well as limitation of oxygen and nutrients in the system.
Determinantes da adoção de irrigação por citricultores da região centro-norte do Estado de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-30) Rossi, Fabiana Ribeiro; Souza Filho, Hildo Meirelles de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3740950346967524; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3203702000103304
The orange activity of the State of Sao Paulo is very important for the Brazilian economy due mainly to job creation and for the expressive participation of the orange juice in national exports. In spite of the major growth and the economic stability faced by the Sao Paulo´s Citrus Agro industrial Complex during its consolidation in the mid-1980s, the last 25 years were marked by an economic environment very unfavorable to the orange growers, resulting in the loss of their profitability and the exodus of many producers from the orange production activity. One possible solution is a technological change in the orange orchards, leading to an increase in their productivity reducing the production costs per area. Thus, the producers’ incomes can raise or at least stabilize. Irrigation has been pointed out in the literature as an agricultural technology capable of providing several benefits to orange orchards, from the desired increase in productivity to improvements in fruit quality. However, this technology is still not widespread in the orange orchards of São Paulo. This thesis identify and analyse the determinants of the adoption of irrigation in the orange orchards of São Paulo, using a representative sample of 98 orange growers located in the center-north region of the state. The orange growers of the sample were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire and the primary data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, hypothesis test and double-hurdle econometric models. According to the results the participation in irrigation courses and in farmers associations, the higher soil fertility of the orange farms, the high dependence on the orange production activity, the use of sophisticated management tools and the access to rural credit affect positively and significantly the adoption of irrigation. On the other hand, the use of contracts in the sale of orange reduces the probability of adoption of irrigation in the orange orchards, since the orange farmers who irrigates sell their production, mostly, to the fresh fruit market through the use of spot market mechanism. Among the orange farmers who irrigates, those who use irrigation in a larger part of the orange area participate in irrigation courses, are very dependent on the orange activity, have a productive structure with less orange varieties, denser orchards, and properties with soils of low fertility. For these producers, the sale of the orange production is mainly done through the use of contracts with the processing industry. This mechanism can promote the necessary safety to intensify the use of irrigation in the properties.
Avaliação dos efeitos da Terapia laser de baixa intensidade associada ou não ao treinamento resistido no tratamento da osteoartrite de joelho
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-30) Santos, Luiz Henrique Gomes; Bossini, Paulo Sérgio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1256982144741336; Renno, Ana Claudia Muniz; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4106611304688552; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0294596215826636
The aim of the thesis was to present the effects of LLLT, physical exercise and their association on joint cartilage catabolism in the knees of rats submitted to an experimental model of osteoarthritis induced by anterior cruciate ligament (TLCA) transection. For this, a brief systematic review was initially performed where interventions in experimental and clinical studies with animals were considered. The search was performed in the Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane databases and by active search in a list of bibliographic references of the articles selected until October 2016. The research was carried out according to the guidelines of the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyzes). We searched the databases with the following terminologies for animal studies: laser therapy and exercise and knee osteoarthritis and animal model. The analyzes of the content of the selected clinical trials demonstrated that LLLT associated therapeutical exercises that can be used to improve pain and quality of life are: resistance exercises and resistance exercises associated with stretching. However, these are not methodologically sufficient to demonstrate improved functionality presenting moderate quality for animal studies and high quality for clinical studies. As the clinical studies included in this systematic review have a high methodological quality, it can be concluded that the therapeutic exercises used by the studies improved pain and functionality in knee OA. However, we suggest experimental studies with animals that may present higher methodological quality to explain the mechanisms of action of therapeutic resources. For this, the second study, investigated the effects of the protocol of resistance exercises and LLLT (associated or not) on the metabolism of cartilage in an experimental model of OA in the knee. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: OA control (OAC); OA and LLLT (OAL); OA and Exercise (OAE); OA and Exercise and Laser (OAEL). The resisted exercise program started 2 weeks after the ACL injury, and were performed three times a week for 8 weeks, totaling 24 sessions consisting of climbing exercises with weights attached to their tails and laser irradiation (two- The results showed that all treated groups had the capacity to modulate some of the aspects related to the degenerative process due to ligament transection, but the association of resistance exercise with LLLT significantly decreased the density of chondrocytes (With or without LLLT) modulated the immunoexpression of IL-1β, caspase-3 and MMP-13. These results suggest that resisted exercises modulate the changes The present work evidences the great need of experimental studies that may explain the clinical mechanisms that favor the use of these resources. In the treatment of patients with OA in the knee.
Momento adutor do joelho durante a marcha, torque abdutor do quadril e biomarcadores : estudo na progressão da Osteoartrite de joelho
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-30) Selistre, Luiz Fernando Approbato; Mattiello, Stela Márcia; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1406279816228350; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1776458133234039
Introduction: Hip abductor strength has been targeted in rehabilitation programs for patients with knee osteoarthritis, however, as it explains only a small portion of medial knee load, the influence of trunk, pelvis, and hip kinematics in the frontal plane during gait in this population should be investigated. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of hip abductors strength with hip and knee adduction moments, pain and physical function, and trunk, pelvis, and hip kinematics during walking in the frontal plane in subjects with medial knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Twenty five subjects with medial knee osteoarthritis were included in the study. Participants were evaluated through an isokinetic strength test for hip abductors, three-dimensional gait analysis, the WOMAC pain and physical function scores, and walk test – 40m. First, the relationship of hip abductor strength with the other variables was investigated. Second, regression models were used to control the influence of other parameters such as pain, age, gender, severity, walking speed, mass and height. Results: Hip abductors strength explained 17% of contralateral pelvic drop and 21% of hip adduction angle. In addition, hip abductors strength explained 4% and 1% of the variance in the WOMAC physical function score and walk test (40m), respectively. Conclusion: Considering the relationship of hip abductors strength with contralateral pelvic drop and hip adduction angle, specific exercises should be used to improve physical function and the ability of hip abductors to stabilize the pelvis and the hip adduction angle during walking.
Formação continuada de professores da rede pública do estado de São Paulo : curso de extensão para análise de potenciais culturais e adaptação de materiais didáticos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-03-30) Kovalek, Olena; Barbosa, Lúcia Maria de Assunção; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5030878430187815; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6807170393598884
After verifying a shortage of teacher qualification courses concerning the cultural contents approach conveyed by foreign language teaching and learning, we decided to design a project for teacher qualification course to deepen this subject. The extension course was outlined for foreign language teachers of Public Schools of São Paulo State, on Saturdays, with bimonthly meetings interpolated between online meetings by Moodle’s platform. Using this platform, an initial survey, a final presentation, a self-evaluation, and recordings (video and audio), we should collect data for this thesis. We intended to observe if the theoretical arguments, during the course, about cultural contents, would motivate the reflection of the participants in the course in relation to implicit cultural contents in textbooks, and practical approach of teachers/participants in foreign language classrooms of cultural contents throughout the textbook’s adaptation used by them. Besides that, for further work we outlined research questions. The theoretical foundation helped us for reflection and for discussion of the obtained data. Therefore, using a historical journey (LARAIA, 1986; AUGER, 2000, 2003; DURANTI, 1997), we observe the development of cultural concept that helped us to answer the first research question. And, we focused on the relevance of development of extension course (CANDAU, 1997; AUGER, 2005; IMBÉRNO, 2009), on intercultural education (AUGER, 2005), and on textbook adaptation (PRABHU, 1998; Tomlinson, 2012). These theories helped us to answer the second research question. We followed the interpretativist-qualitative research (MOITA LOPES, 1994) and the research-action. In general, we concluded that teacher’s awareness on cultural contents, developed on extension course, helped them for the adaptation and/or development of foreign language teaching materials in order to approach “cultural potentials”. The activities developed by the teachers motivated the students to research cultural contents, to engage in cultural reflections and to recognize (or not) the other culture.