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Formação continuada na perspectiva colaborativa: subsídios para inclusão nas aulas de educação física
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-04-13) Oliveira, Ana Carolina Santana de; Costa, Maria da Piedade Resende da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2791098416503955; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1388052886677601
With the implementation of public policies related to school inclusion, particularly those targeted at the public of special education (PSE), number of students with special educational needs (SEN) enrolled in common classes’ increases. Physical Education, as a compulsory curricular component in Basic Education since the implementation of the National Education Guidelines Law (NEGL) in 1996, cannot fail to meet this student, especially those in a situation of inclusion in the regular classes, being one of the promoters within the daily school life with regard to conviviality and learning in diversity. From this perspective, several studies suggest the professional unpreparedness of teachers in relation to educational inclusion, either because they do not know how to deal with the deficiencies, or even because they are afraid to deal with the specificities of the students. Such professional unpreparedness is due to initial training or lack of continuing training, according to some recent research. Through this panorama, this research was based on collaborative teaching, which achieved promising results in promoting the inclusion of students with disabilities. Thus, the general objective of this research was to implement and evaluate a training program by means of collaboration for physical education teachers of regular schools in a medium-sized municipality in the interior of the state of Bahia. It was of the qualitative type that allows the deepening of a certain situation and direct contact of the researcher with the situation being investigated. After approval by the ethics committee, a survey was made of the existing schools in the municipality and according to the criteria established for inclusion in the survey, 14 schools were left 2 (one public and one private) that were selected. In these schools, 3 teachers with 5 PSE students were also selected. To carry out the training program, the research consisted of 3 stages. After the instruments were applied (interviews and questionnaire), six categories of analysis were obtained. Each category was analyzed qualitatively. As results achieved, the program was evaluated positively by teachers, understanding the importance of collaboration in their classes; and they have been able to understand that methodological modifications and adjustments are necessary for the effectiveness of school inclusion and that continuing education is necessary for pedagogical practices to be revised and modified towards the participation of all students. Collaborative work can achieve more positive results than if done individually, as long as there is involvement of all who directly benefit from this proposal, students and teachers. From the results achieved, it was possible to conclude that the participating teachers perceived the collaboration as positive, contributing significantly to overcome the challenges inherent in the practice of Physical Education, learning and participation of children with disabilities.
Papel do cortex pré-frontal medial no comportamento defensivo de camundongos : avaliação farmacológica da lateralização funcional
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-04-13) Costa, Nathália Santos; Souza, Ricardo Luiz Nunes de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2475842684688693; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0883202854043423
Stressful situations are risk factors to the development of neuropsychiatric diseases, as anxiety disorders. However, not everyone who experiences stressful events develops stress-related illness. That is due to the existence of differences in the ability to adapt to stress, that is, the manifestation of susceptibility or resilience phenotypes. The search for understanding neural systems involved to these differences has evidenced an important role of the medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC), and, recently, its functional lateralization has been highlighted. In this sense, the right mPFC (RmPFC) seems to modulate anxiogenic-like responses, while the left mPFC (LmPFC) would attenuate such responses, thereby facilitating animals to cope with threatening situations. If so, LmPFC inhibition would intensify ansiogenic-like behavior front to aversive stimuli. Under this hypothesis, one of the goals of the present study was to investigate whether the inhibition of the LmPFC could modulate the effect of two types of stress (the restraint and the social defeat) on anxiety. Yet, we also aimed to investigate whether NMDA-glutamate receptor would be involved to the anxiogenic-like effect induced by nitrergic activation of the RmPFC, given the anxiogenic potential of glutamate and the interaction already known between these neurotransmissions. To reach that, experiments were carried out (1) to characterize the effects of social defeat and restraint stress on animals exposed to elevated plus maze (EPM) 5 minutes or 24 hours later; (2) to evaluate the effects of restraint or social defeat combined to the synaptic inactivation (through nonspecific inhibitor, CoCl2) of the LmPFC on the defensive behavior of mice exposed to EPM 24 h after stress; (3) to investigate the effects of NMDA receptor antagonism and (4) the effect of that antagonism on anxiogenic-like effects induced by NO donor. The results showed that both restraint and defeat stress are anxiogenic at 5 minutes, but defeated mice do not display anxiety 24 h after stress. Furthermore, the synaptic inhibition produced a clear anxiogenic-like effect in defeated (but not restrained) mice. In addition, the blockade of NMDA receptors produced anxiolytic-like effects and reversed the anxiogenic effect induced by NO injection into the RmPFC. Taken together, these results corroborate previous studies demonstrating the functional lateralization of the mPFC, in which the right and left hemispheres seem to have distinct roles in the modulation of aversive events.
A região A5 e o controle respiratório durante o desenvolvimento
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-04-13) Taxini, Camila Linhares; Funk, Gregory Douglas; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5940547908075562; Batalhão, Luciane Helena Gargaglioni; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5850453468994497; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6604038939386546
The noradrenergic group A5 is located in the ventrolateral pons and contributes to the maturation of the respiratory system before birth in rats. These neurons are connected to the neural network responsible for respiratory rhythmogenesis. In the present study, we investigated: (1) the influence of the activation of noradrenergic neurons of the A5 region, via purinergic receptors, on the phrenic nerve activity by using in vitro preparations; (2) the participation of A5 noradrenergic neurons in neonates (P7-8 and P14-15) in the control of ventilation during hypoxia and hypercapnia in in vivo experiments by using chemical lesion with anti-dopamine-beta hydroxylase saporin (Anti-DBH-Sap); (3) the involvement of noradrenergic neurons of the A5 region in phrenic and sympathetic nerve activity during the activation of central and peripheral chemoreflex in juvenile rats in in situ preparation using Anti-DBH-Sap into A5 region. Activation of purinergic receptors in noradrenergic neurons of the A5 region by ATP (10 mM) decreased phrenic activity (C4), a reversible effect by applying the purinergic antagonist (Suramin, 10 μM). In vivo and in situ experiments, lesion of the noradrenergic neurons of the A5 region did not promote alteration of resting ventilatory parameters and during hypoxia and hypercapnia, but the sympatho-excitation elicited by either the stimulation of peripheral or central chemoreceptors was attenuated in A5-lesioned rats. Thus, our data suggest that ATP acting in the A5 region reduces respiratory activity after birth, via activation of purinergic receptors. However, from P7, noradrenergic neurons of the A5 region do not participate in the control of ventilation at baseline, or at the central and peripheral chemoreflex. Additionally, the noradrenergic neurons of the A5 region are part of the circuits recruited for the processing of the sympathetic response to the activation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors in unanesthetized juvenile rats.