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Influência da massa de semente e da fertilidade do solo no desempenho de espécies arbóreas em restauração de área ripária
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-10-23) Tomaz, Danilo Janczur; Souza, Andréa Lúcia Teixeira de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5216112068627151; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4296907987261055
Riparian zones have been widely altered by deforestation and fragmentation in the last five decades, often being required human intervention for the recovery of these areas through the introduction of tree species. Direct seeding can be an alternative to the introduction of seedlings, being simpler and cheaper to implement. This study sought to understand the influence of seed mass on emergence and of seed mass, average time of emergence, initial height and soil fertility on the performance of nine tree species, reintroduced through direct seeding in the restoration of a degraded riparian area. The experiment was divided in four time intervals (1 – from seeding to 114 days (beginning of first dry season), 2 – 114 to 377 days (beginning of the second year), 3 – 377 to 728 days (beginning of the third year) and 4 – 728 to 1125 days (ending of the third year). We evaluated the influence of seed mass on emergence (in both field and nursery experiments), on survival after three years and on height after three years. The influences of seed mass, average time of emergence and soil fertility on survival and on height were simultaneously evaluated for the first interval, using a structural model. For the three following intervals, structural models were assembled, simultaneously evaluating the influence of seed mass, initial height and soil fertility on survival and on relative growth rate. Larger seeded species had higher emergence rates in relation to the smaller seed species, both in the nursery and in the field, with the highest rates detected in the nursery. Seed mass positively influenced the probability of survival after three years, with most mortality occurring in the first 114 days for all species. Structural model analyses revealed that seed mass influenced survival directly in the first 114 days, and indirectly through initial height in the later periods. Larger seeds generated larger seedlings, which tended to survive longer in relation to smaller seedlings. Soil fertility influenced survival only indirectly, through initial height. Larger seed species exhibited greater initial size, but after three years this difference was not detected, indicating higher growth rates of smaller seed species. Seed mass strongly influenced height in the first 114 days, but in later periods seed mass influenced growth rates only through initial height. In the second and third years, soil fertility indirectly influenced growth rates, through initial height. The relationship between seed mass and survival found for these nine species after three years is probably due to a combination of the effects of cotyledon reserves and seedling size, with larger seeds emerging earlier and originating bigger seedlings, which survive better due to their larger initial size. This study showed that direct seeding could be a viable alternative in the recovery of pasture areas for the nine species evaluated.
Vetores de mudança dos usos da terra e naturalidade da área de entorno da Floresta Nacional de Três Barras (SC)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-10-23) Moraes Cavaliere, Mayra Cristina Prado de; Santos, José Eduardo dos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8533387365058570; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1246771709401210
Anthropic activities generate impacts to the environment, among them, the biodiversity loss is highlighted. Protected Areas have emerged as a way to protect the remaining biodiversity, but they suffer from external pressures present mainly in their surrounding. Therefore, the aim of this research was to analyze the effects of land use changes in relation to naturalness that configures the scenarios of the ecological sustainability condition of the Três Barras National Forest (Flona de TB) surrounding area among the, years 1986, 1997, 2011, and 2016, in order to understand the cumulative impacts of the anthropogenic activities that induced changes in the Flona’s buffer zone. We used images from the LandSat satellite of the years 1986, 1997, 2011 and 2016 and identified the land use cover by screen vectoring in a Geographic Information System environment. Based on the results of the land use and cover we obtaines the transition matrices between the intervals of the years 1986-1997; 1997-2011; 2011-2016 and 1986-2016. These procedures were developed in ArcGIS 10.2 software. An analysis was made regarding the area and frequency of native forest patches in each year, and the connectivity between these patches was evaluated using the Conefor Sensinode 2.2 software. The analysis of natural condition of the surrounding area of the Flona TB’s buffer zone was carried out using the Urbanity Index (UI) in IDRISI software. The results of connectivity of the forest patches and naturalness were processed statistically in software R to test the null hypothesis of similarity. During the 30 years studied, there were oscillations between the percentage of agricultural, urban and natural areas, evidencing that there is a tendency in the expansion of anthropic areas and loss of native forest. Over the years, natural patches have become less connected in the matrix. The expansion of agricultural areas is based on the driver forces related to public policies, socioeconomics, region history and the environmental characteristics of the Flona TB’s buffer zone. The scenarios of the natural condition presented oscillations between the years 1986 and 2016, with loss of high naturalness areas over the time, indicating that the buffer zone is in a gradual process of ecological sustainability loss due to the increase of the agricultural anthropic areas and decrease of natural areas. The understanding of the driving forces that act in the Flona TB’s buffer zone can be an essential ally for taking measures by the decision makers that increase the connection between the natural patches of the Flona and the buffer zone, ensuring ecological sustainability and the ecosystem services provision.
A organização social e o estabelecimento de redes sociais a partir do acesso às políticas públicas no Assentamento XX de Novembro, Cordeirópolis-SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-10-23) Filus, Veridiany; Souza-Esquerdo, Vanilde Ferreira de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9535960068552016; Bergamasco, Sonia Maria Pessoa Pereira; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8863899187043019; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2182678206048613
This dissertation brings a panorama of XX November Settlement, located in the municipality of Coordeirópolis-SP. It identifies its dwellers and expose informations as age, schooling, work/job and income; it maps the settlements that come under the scope of Pronaf, Pnae and PAA and analyses the networks built upon PAA and Pnae programs aiming to report the successes and hindrances for PAA and Pnae into the reality of the settlement and contribute to the improvement of the programs. In the first paper our first concern was analyzing the programs and policies towards familiar agriculture: PAA, Pnae and Pronaf in the context of XX November settlement. In order to do so, we've used the quantitative methodology as a tool, through the application of semi-structured questionnaires, as well as qualitative through the participative observation. In the second paper, we've analyzed how the relation between peasants from XX de Novembro Settlement and the organisms which represent them is configured. For such, we've used the systematization of questionnaires applied to the peasants along with the interviews with municipal agents and with the peasants representatives. Still, in the third paper, we analyze networks established around PAA and Pnae, in XX November Settlement, looking for understanding the impact of this network on the involved actors' social life. The informations were gathered by means of the instruments already mentioned while the overview on the first and second papers. Nevertheless, these informations were systematized with the help of the software Pajek prompting the network characterization and sociogram. In general we've identified that the community is composed by a equilibrated mix of men and women and that the community has an expressive number of its members with high school degree. Concerning to the acess to Pronaf, PAA and Pnae programs, Pronaf was the most accessed, from the beginning of the settlement up to 2016 nine families accessed PAA and two did access Pnae. The production outflowing to PAA and Pnae programs happens through the Cascalho Cooperative, Rio Claro Cooperative as well as directly to Rio Claro and Cordeirópolis municipalities and contributes for a R$ 1.086.47 monthly average income by family. Concerning to the attendings, in 2016 we've identified 5.118 attendings, by Pnae in Cordeirópolis, 39.000 by Pnae in Rio Claro and 850 baskets by PAA in Rio Claro, what adds up to an articulation of more than 48.000 people, only in this year. Meanwhile, concerning to social cohesion analysis, for this outflowing relation we've found a high degree of social cohesion improve the phrasing which reached to 85% what flags to a high integration between the outflowing net-work actors, being the issue on inspection, mainly of the amount of delivered food, the greatest difficulty pointed out within the net-work. Among the interviews' results, what has called our attention the most was peasants lack of information. Nevertheless this negative factor, regarding to the lack of information within the net, the issue on food quality improvement has been remarked, it was identified by the municipal agents who pointed out an improvement on the quality of the food received by schools and institutions and the educational factor added to the food being it purchased from the local familiar agriculture. With the aid of the software Pajek we achieved to identify some key relations and actors who will be able to play an outstanding role in order to enhance the programs from within; believing that keeping the focus on weak rings actors characterized so as having an intermediation role may be an strategy for relations improvement and widening within the net-work with no need to work review it throughly.
Papel do exercício físico associado a diferentes Inibidores da Enzima de Conversão da Angiotensina (iECA) sobre o fator de crescimento endotelial de vasos – VEGF e angiogênese em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos e normotensos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-10-23) Macedo, Anderson Geremias; Cardoso, Sandra Lia do Amaral; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2030708742766455; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1742243414991502
Hypertension (HA) is a complex and multifactorial disease, considered as an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. It is known that high blood pressure (BP) levels are maintained by increased Total peripheral resistance (TPR). Among the factors that contribute to the maintenance of high TPR, there are arterioles remodeling and rarefaction, which occurs in several tissues. Physical training (T) has been considered as an important adjunct to pharmacological treatment in the control and treatment of HA. In this sense, exercise has been effective in improving vascular remodeling and promoting angiogenesis. Among the pharmacological therapies used clinically, angiotensin II converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) have shown great effectiveness, mainly by reducing mortality. It has been suggested that due to some different biochemical and pharmacological characteristics between captopril and perindopril, there may be some differential effect on T-induced angiogenesis. It has been demonstrated that captopril may inhibit T-induced angiogenesis after acute exercise, but almost nothing is known about it effects after chronic exercise. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of the chronic use of captopril and perindopril on angiogenesis induced by T in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats and to investigate some of the possible mechanisms involved in these alterations. For this purpose, 48 normotensive Wistar rats and 48 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) underwent T protocol (60% maximum physical capacity, for 8 weeks) or maintained sedentary. During the last 6 weeks, the animals were treated with captopril (25 mg / kg per day, i.p.) or perindopril (3 mg / kg per day, gavage) and the control animals received water. Body weight and baseline values of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were analyzed. The anterior tibial muscle (TA) and myocardium were removed for the morphometric analyzes of the capillary / fiber ratio (C: F) and analyzes of the protein production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), its receptor (VEGFR-2) and enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). As expected, the values of SBP, DBP and MAP were higher in the sedentary SHR (+ 30%, + 33% and + 32%, for SBP, DBP and MAP respectively) when compared to sedentary Wistar. Both T and pharmacological treatments reduced BP values by a similar magnitude. The C:F ratio in TA was reduced in all sedentary SHRS compared to sedentary Wistar, and this reduction was associated with lower levels of VEGF (~ -26%) and eNOS (~ -27%). Training increased C:F ratio in trained Wistar rats compared to sedentary Wistar because of increased production of VEGFR-2 (+ 17%) and eNOS (+ 31%). In addition, T prevented TA rarefaction in SHRs, mainly by preventing reductions in VEGF and eNOS production. Chronic treatment with captopril or perindopril significantly attenuated angiogenesis in Wistar animals, although this effect was greater after treatment with captopril (-19%) when compared to perindopril (-13%). In the SHR animals, perindopril did not attenuate T-induced angiogenesis. On the other hand, captopril attenuated this effect (18%). This response occurred due to normalization of eNOS levels after PT in trained Wistar and SHR rats treated with perindopril alone. The myocardial C: F ratio was reduced in all sedentary SHR compared to sedentary Wistar. T increased myocardial C: F ratio in trained Wistar rats (~ + 14%) in all groups compared to sedentary ones. Similarly, T increased C: F ratio in trained SHR compared to sedentary SHR and normalized to number of vessels compared to sedentary Wistar. This response was also mediated by increased production of eNOS in all trained groups. These findings allow us to conclude that T promoted angiogenesis in skeletal and cardiac musculature and chronic use of ACE inhibitors attenuated this response in the skeletal muscle, and perindopril did not attenuate T-induced angiogenesis in hypertensive animals. In this way perindopril may be suggested as the best drug of choice for hypertensive patients who do exercise.