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Modelagem fenomenológica da síntese enzimática de biodiesel etanólico utilizando lipase solúvel
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-03-27) Villegas Aguilar, María Carlota; Giordano, Roberto de Campos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0834668419587001; Ribeiro, Marcelo Perencin de Arruda; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0381402687491195; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3753884975348864
The kinetics study of the synthesis of ethyl biodiesel allows a deeper understanding of the enzymatic process, providing an important tool for process design, optimization and control. Most of the models proposed in the literature for enzymatic biodiesel production use methanol and immobilized lipases. Moreover, depending on the source of the lipase and the reaction medium, the reaction may have a distinct mechanism. In this work we study the biodiesel production by transesterification of refined soybean oil and bioethanol using the soluble lipase NS-40116, a liquid formulation of a genetic modified lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus. The aim of this research is to develop a phenomenological model capable of describing the catalytic behavior of that lipase formulation in this heterogeneous medium. Batch assays were carried out in a bench jacketed glass reactor where several process variables were varied: agitation speed (800-1200 rpm), enzyme concentration (0.5-2.0%w/woil) and alcohol content (1.5-2.0 equivalent). All assays were carried out at 35°C with 10%w/woil of water. In addition, the relationship between the agitation speed and the volumetric flow rate of the substrates with the oil-water-alcohol emulsion interface was determined. The soluble lipase NS-40116 was characterized: protein content 31.454 ± 0.002 mg protein/ml lipase, hydrolytic activity 48048 ± 653 LU/ml (1 LU: activity required to produce 1 μmol/min with standard conditions) and molecular weight 31 kDa. An ethyl biodiesel was obtained from refined soybean oil with a concentration of esters: 82.55 ± 7.17% (T = 35°C, 800 RPM, 10%w/woil water, 2.0%w/woil lipase and 2.0 eq. ethyl alcohol). The average interfacial area was evaluated by measuring droplet diameters distribution in pictures of the emulsion obtained in a microscope. Different agitation speeds and polar/nonpolar volume ratios were used. Results show that the average diameter of the droplets increases when the polar volume increases and decreases with the agitation speed. The kinetic parameters were determined for the mathematical model of the enzymatic synthesis of ethyl biodiesel using the soluble lipase NS-40116.
Uma avaliação dos padrões de caça do Estado de São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-03-27) Azevedo, Olivaldi Alves Borges; Galetti Júnior, Pedro Manoel; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7398754661670478; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4386126249824674
Hunting is not a reserved theme for modern times, but, nowadays, the concern about your effects in the manifold wildlife has propelled new researches and review of the ongoing. From a legal point of view, there are five modes that set hunting: hunt, pursuit, catch, kill and use. Are called hunting acts, because they are executed to the detriment of the wild animals in their habitats. This work evaluated the hunting acts in the period between the years 2006 to 2015, in the São Paulo State, reported in official documents dispatched by the paulista Environmental Military Police. Counts 1.913 police records or occurrences, that transgressor (hunters) were accountable administratively, had their equipment used in hunting seized, as well as the dead animals of illegal practice. The geoprocessing of the occurrences allows to be verified that in all regions of the State there was hunting. In the evaluated period, in 74.6% of the municipalities there are records of occurrences in detriment of the wild fauna; of the 645 municipalities, 481 mark at least one hunting act. Using wild specimens is the most frequent hunting, which is expressed in the use of a wild specimen (popularly recognized by flame) to attract another of the same species. The species belonging to the Order of the Passeriformes are the most hunted in the State, frequent in 52,38% (n = 1,002) of all police occurrences. Of the ten most hunted species, seven are of the order of the Passeriformes. When considered only the police records with frequency of birds (n = 1,002), three species are present in 45.3% (n = 866) of them, Sicalis flaveola (canário-da-terra), Sporophila caerulescens (coleirinho-papa-capim) and Saltator similis (trinca-ferro). The number of occurrences involving the Passeriformes leads to the conclusion that they are targets of domestic traffic (State), mainly of the mentioned species. Rodentia, Cingulata and Squamata are the other main objects orders of the acts of hunting, whose species are hunting. Police incidents involving hunting include 391, of which 303 are frequented by the three orders placed, that is, in 77.5% of hunting activities were present. The specie Hidrochoerus hydrochaeris (capybara) of the order Rodentia, is the champion of the hunting occurrences (n = 173). The most frequent representative of Cingulata is Dasypus novemcinctus (tatu-galinha) (n = 88) and, from Squamata Tupinambis Teguixin (teiú) (n = 30) is the most popular hunting animal by hunters. Game hunting was reasonably specialized. With a certain frequency, for its engendration were used equipment or special or typical instruments, revealing itself in a certain selective way. The evaluation of these and other patterns of the São Paulo hunting made it possible to study the motifs of the hunting acts, which are embodied in hunting modalities. The modalities evaluated were those of subsistence and necessity, amateur and recreational and control. In the State of São Paulo, it was patented mainly recreational hunting that carried out by the simple pleasure or delight of the hunter. This modality appears as an end in itself, developed to the shred of any rule. The hunter uses the equipment that suits him best and does so in the places and periods he has listed, without any limitations or restrictions. Although human consumption is the goal of hunting, the mode of subsistence hunting as a standard established in the State of São Paulo was not attested. These and other analyzes promoted the making of the Charter of the Paulista Hunt, product of this work.
Isolamento, caracterização e potencial biotecnológico de fungos endofíticos associados à plantas do cerrado
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-03-27) Torres, Flavia Luana; Sousa, Cristina Paiva de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9002619114161319; Lacava, Paulo Teixeira; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8947678349043750; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2301077224414661
Endophytic microorganisms are fungi or bacteria that colonize the interior of plant tissues without causing damage to the host plant. Endophytic fungi have interested the scientific community due to the production of secondary metabolites for application in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. The present study aimed to isolate, purify, genotypically identify and evaluate the antagonistic activity, the biotechnological potential for phosphate solubilization and the enzyme production of 66 endophytic fungi from leaves and branches isolated from S. adstringens and S. lycocarpum St. Hill. For this, healthy leaves and stems of S. astringens and S. lycocarpum were collected and submitted to superficial asepsis. After the incubation of the botanical material, it was proceeded the isolation and molecular identification of the endophytic fungi. The endophytic isolates were evaluated in vitro for the antagonistic potential against phytopathogens Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium oxysporum and Lasiodiplodia subglobosa, for the solubilization of inorganic phosphate and the production of enzymes (amylase, cellulase, pectinase, protease, lipase and esterase). The results showed that the fungal endophytic community associated with S. adstringens is composed of: Diaporthe sp., Neopestalotiopsis sp., Nigrospora sp., Paraconiothrium sp., Phomopsis sp., Pseudofusicoccum sp., Schizophyllum sp. and Xenoacremonium sp. and the genera of the fungal community of S. lycocarpum St. Hill. is composed of: Colletotrichum sp., Curvalaria sp., Diaporthe sp., Neurospora sp., Phlebiopsis sp., Phomopsis sp. and Schizophyllum sp. Endophytic fungi have shown to be promising against Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium oxysporum and Lasiodiplodia subglobosa, with high inhibition rates and most type A interactions, where there is a block of phytopathogen growth with mycelial contact of the endophytic fungus . In addition, endophytic fungi had the potential to solubilize inorganic phosphate with a mean phosphate solubilization index. As for enzyme production, the fungal isolates of both plant species showed higher pectinolytic activity with pectate lyase production and polygalactorosis. Based on the results, the study evidences the importance of endophytic fungi in the production of compounds of interest for biotechnology and for the conservation of Cerrado plant species, which harbor these promising microorganisms.
Estratégias para obtenção de compósitos fertilizantes via solubilização biológica de minerais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-03-27) Klaic, Rodrigo; Zangirolami, Teresa Cristina; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4546701843297248; Farinas, Cristiane Sanchez; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9933650905615452; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6368937428768973
Phosphate fertilizers are widely used to improve agricultural productivity. However, the process of producing these fertilizers involves high costs and can cause environmental damage. The application of phosphate solubilising microorganisms (PSM) has been considered a potential strategy to obtain biofertilizers by biological phosphate rock (PR) solubilization, but the efficiency of this process is still low. Thus, the objective of this work was to develop strategies to increase the solubilization of RF by the action of PSM using microbial culture processes by submerged route (SmC) and solid state (SSC), besides proposing new products employing the use of PSM as agent promoter. Initially the selection of a potential PSM was performed, in which the fungus Aspergillus niger was highlighted. Then, a new mechanical-biological strategy was evaluated to increase the solubilization of the PR. In this strategy, PR Bayóvar (sedimentary origin) was mechanically activated to decrease particle size, so the solubility can be increased as a result of the larger surface area together with the local pH change. The results showed an increase of solubility of 60% when using SmC and 115% in SEC. The mechanical activation strategy was also studied with the Itafós PR (igneous origin), which showed a different behavior of Bayóvar PR, with solubility gains of 57% by SmC and 45% by ESC. Also for the PR Itafós, a strategy was proposed using a system of solids supply by fed-batch integrated to the mechanical activation step increased the solubilization of this rock in 78%. In order to elucidate the mechanism of action in the biosolubilization process, a study was carried out to evaluated the effect of organic acids under different RF sources. The results showed that citric acid and oxalic acid are the organic acids with the greatest potential to solubilize PR. A synergistic relationship was found between citric/oxalic acids as well as oxalic/gluconic acids when presented in molar ratio of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively, that potentiates the solubilization. Using the knowledge obtained, a composite-fertilizer based on starch gelatinization was developed with simultaneous dispersion of PR particles mechanically activated and encapsulation of A. niger spores. The characterization of the composites showed a high degree of dispersion of the PR particles in the starch matrix, besides a considerable content of P2O5 between 10-22%. The solubility of the phosphorus contained in the composite was greater than 70% in only 96 h. In addition, the spores remained viable after processing and storage, ensuring a minimum shelf-time of two months. Due to the potential of this technology, composites-fertilizers were also developed from mineral oxides and elemental sulfur. The results showed that the matrix was capable of carrying a high load of oxides (ZnO, MnO and CuO) and elemental sulfur, as observed when using PR. The bio-activation experiments showed a high solubilization of the oxides when sulfur was used in the starch matrix. The final product obtained was a multi-nutrient granule source of Zn, Mn, Cu and S for the plants. The multi-nutrient composite was also evaluated in the soil-plant system and the results show that they were as efficient as the commercial sources used. Concludes, that the nanocomposite-fertilizers proposed in this work constituting an innovative concept of "bioreactor in granule" with many possibilities of application in the nutrition of plants.
A evolução humana na disciplina de Biologia e as relações étnico-raciais: aprendizagens a partir de uma intervenção educativa
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-03-27) Castro, Marco Antonio Teotonio de; Silva, Douglas Verrangia Corrêa da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7699024298055259; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6748206076508364
(Re)Education in ethno-racial relations is very important for the reduction of prejudice and racial discrimination. In all disciplines, in our case, the discipline of biology, the approach of the study of Human Evolution from the tales, myths and African and Afro-Brazilian legends is our object of research. The work was designed to take place in three survey activities and ten more classes for its development and completion. In these classes, we showed the students eleven videos and thirteen texts including tales, myths and legends about the origin of humanity and its intellectual and technological evolution, through the development of agriculture, fire control and iron metallurgy. Africanidades and the importance of black people for the development of Brazilian and World Science were also studied, deconstructing the Eurocentric vision of the Science development. The work was made using africanidades to explain human evolution, whose goals were to associate African and Afro-Brazilian History and Culture (myth, tales and legends) and a biological concept (Human Evolution) in the perspective of education in ethno-racial relations. It was separated in seven steps: survey, quizzes, raising awareness, videos and texts about the subject, discussion and evaluation. By analyzing the partial results we obtained, the study gave the majority of the students a new point of view about the subject and helped deconstruct prejudice and reduce racial discrimination, because teaching human evolution using ethno-racial relations made teacher’s work on cultural and ethno-racial diversity possible.
Otimização do planejamento e programação da produção na indústria de polpa moldada
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-03-27) Martínez, Karim Yaneth Pérez; Toso, Eli Angela Vitor; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6663631731115739; Morabito Neto, Reinaldo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4194801952934254; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6014128945023344
We study an integrated process configuration, lot-sizing and scheduling problem, which appears in the context of a real production environment in the molded pulp packaging industry. Products are produced by alternative process configurations, which are defined by a combination of molds and a set of products to be produced. The production quantities, setup operations and capacity consumption depend on which process configurations are used, how long they are used for, and in which sequence they are scheduled. The total number of process configurations may be too large and difficult to define beforehand in some production environments, since a set of operational and technological constraints must be satisfied. For the particular case studied here, processes configuration decisions are generated at the same time as lot-sizing and sequencing decisions, which involve sequence-dependent setup costs and times. This research had the important collaboration of a typical molded pulp packaging company located in the São Paulo state, where real data were collected to validate the approaches proposed here. Two mathematical formulations are proposed to represent and optimize the problem, which are different in the way how process configuration decisions are represented. The first formulation is a linear formulation which uses some structures defined in advance to generate feasible process configuration; and the second one is a non-linear formulation which models the technical constraints of the problem to generate the process configurations to be implemented. Some valid inequalities and symmetry-breaking constraints are proposed to strengthen the formulations and improve the performance of the solution methods. The proposed mathematical approaches are solved using a standard mixed integer programming (MIP) solver, specifically the solver CPLEX. A branch-and-cut (B&C) algorithm, which takes into account the particularities of the formulations and implements logic-based Benders cuts in a branch-and-bound framework, and a MIP-based heuiristic are also proposed to solve the problem. Results show that in general, the formulations proposed here represent properly the integrated problem. Computational experiments shows that, although it is is challenging to solve to optimality all the problem instances presented here, the B&C algorithm outperforms the models’ resolution by CPLEX for all of the instances tested. Results also show that the valid inequalities and symmetry-breaking constraints proposed clearly improve the lower bounds of the formulations and the performance of the solution methods, particularly for the B&C algorithm. The heuristic proposed method also seems to be competitive for the problem instances tested, as it found optimal solutions for small instances, better solutions and similar solutions, in the worst case, compared to the ones provided by the exact approaches for large instances and involving much less computing times.
Análise temporal dos efeitos preventivos do exercício resistido sobre a atrofia muscular induzida por dexametasona
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-03-27) Krug, André Luis de Oliveira; Cardoso, Sandra Lia do Amaral; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2030708742766455; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7237435337765994
Synthetic glucocorticoids have potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action, though its chronic usage can trigger muscle atrophy. On the other hand the resistance training (RT) acts in opposition to atrophic situations, although its effects on muscle atrophy induced by treatment with dexamethasone (DEX) are poorly known.The purpose of this study was to determine how long RT is required to promote preventive effects in flexor halluces longus (FHL) muscle atrophy induced by dexamethasone (DEX). After maximal voluntary carrying capacity (MVCC), 100 rats were separated in sedentary (SED) or resistance trained for 10 (RT10), 40 (RT40), 70 (RT70) and 100 (RT100) days. Groups were divided as control (CTRL) or treated with DEX. RT was performed with 80% of maximal voluntary carrying capacity (MVCC). During the last 10 days, the animals either received DEX (0.5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) or vehicle (saline, same volume as DEX treatment, i.p.). The FHL muscle was removed, cleaned, weighed and stored for determining the cross-sectional area, proteassomal activity 26s, and total p70S6K, p-p70S6KThr389, MuRF1, REDD1 and GAPDH protein level. The results arepresented as mean ± SEM. The repeated measures two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for food intake and, for further analysis,it was used two-way ANOVA, both with Tukey post hoc test and significance levelset as α<0.05. DEX reduced FHL mass (-26%), but RT70 and RT100 DEX groups presented atrophy attenuation. DEX reduced proteasome activity in SED (-33%) and RT70 (-44%) DEX. RT70 CTRL had increased proteasome activity when compared with RT10 and RT40 CTRL (+48% and +51%, respectively) groups and RT100 CTRL had reduced activity (-56%). DEX reduced phospho-p70S6KThr389/total p70S6k ratio in SED DEX (-24%), but it was reverted in RT10 (+48%) and RT70 DEX(+70%). RT70 CTRL presented higher values of this ratio than SED, RT40 and RT100 CTRL groups. DEX increased REDD1 (+47%) protein level only in SED DEX. MuRF-1 protein level increased in SED(+50%), RT10 (+45%) and RT40 (+46%)DEX groups, but it was blocked in RT70 and RT100 DEX groups. In summary, we suggest that DEX-induced FHL muscle atrophy requires at least 70 days of RT to be attenuated and this response involves a complete blockade of MuRF-1 and REDD1 protein level increase and the blockade phospho-p70S6KThr389/total p70S6k ratio reduction. Also, 100 days of RT did not promote any additional effects. It is interesting to note that only 10 days of RT evoked improvements in the synthesis pathway, which suggest that some molecular adjustments are required in early stages of skeletal muscle mass maintenance.
Síntese e caracterização de Poli(L-co-DL ácido lático-co-policaprolactona)uretana.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-03-27) Brandolise, Carolini Silva; Komatsu, Daniel; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2620060426867863; Duek, Eliana Aparecida de Rezende; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4147198882685212; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0066306755758392
Polyurethanes are applied for many purposes. This wide use is due to the versatility of these polymers, consisting of flexible and rigid segments, whose combination determines their characteristics. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to synthesize a biocompatible and biosorbable polyurethane, with an adequates properties to be used as a scaffold in meniscus regeneration. Prepolymer was obtained by bulk polymerization of L-lactide, D,L-lactide, polycaprolactone diol monomers. The initiator used was Tin II 2-ethylhexanoate. Materials was added to a flask under N2 atmosphere and immersed in an oil bath at 150 ºC, with stirring during 24 hours. Polyurethanes were obtained by solution polymerization of the prepolymer to a previous stage with 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate at a molar ratio of 1:8. Two polyurethanes were formed, using 2,1x10-4 mol of prepolymer and another one using 4,2x10-4 mol of prepolymer. The polyurethane synthesis was prepared on a flask under N2 atmosphere and immersed in oil at 70ºC with stirring during 6 hours. The average molecular weight of prepolymer was 104 g/mol obtained by GPC. Prepolymer and polyurethane were analyzed by FTIR and 1H NMR where results showed the presence of polycaprolactone, L and D,L-lactic acid and urethane groups in the polyurethane. Glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature and melt temperature were obtained by DSC analysis. The amount of prepolymer used in the polyurethane synthesis generated a difference on temperatures obtained by DSC analysis. The crystallinity of the polyurethanes were also verified by XRD. In the DMA analysis was observed that the polyurethane films melting around 60°C. It was observed also at DSC analysis. The DMA results corroborated with those of the XRD for the difference in crystallinity between the polyurethane films, the PU-C is more crystalline than the others. The TG and DTG analysis of polyurethanes demonstrated the presence of three stages of weight loss, with the Tonset changing with crystallinity value. The cell viability assay, based on the cytotoxicity of the polyurethanes, has shown that it is possible to proliferate cells in polyurethane synthetized. Therefore due to the characteristics presented by this polyurethane it could be applied as polymeric biomaterial in the field of tissue engineering.
Arch-KDM 2.0: checagem de conformidade arquitetural em projetos de modernização dirigida a arquitetura
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-03-27) Landi, André de Souza; Camargo, Valter Vieira de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6809743774407662; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6171873195834908
Architecture-Driven Modernization (ADM) is a software reengineering process based on Object Management Group (OMG) concepts and yours ISO standards. There are several types of modernization projects, such as language-to-language conversion, platform migration, application integration, and application improvements. One necessary activity in scenario of application improvements is architectural reconciliation. An important step of the architectural reconciliation is the Architectural Conformance Checking (ACC) whose objective is to identify architectural drifts. This master's project consists of three main parts, the evolution of an ACC approach already presented in another project called Arch-KDM; a new computational support for the approach; and a formal definition of architectural drifts and violations. The original Arch-KDM approach has three steps that support the ACC proccess. They are the specification of a planned architecture; the extraction of the current architecture; and the accomplishment of the conformance checking. In the course of this project, there were evolutions related to several points of this approach like bug fixes, erroneously use of elements and a new step. Thus, the approach is re-presented in this document with a tool called Arch-KDM 2.0 that includes all evolutions and fixes. Two evaluations were carried out, one in order to evaluate the first step of the approach by means of an empirical study evaluating as an appropriate stage for the specification of planned architectures. The second one was an empirical study evaluating the precision, recall and f-measure. The results obtained were very promising and satisfactory in both evaluations. It was verified that the first step of the approach is appropriate for the specification of planned architectures and for the second evaluation the computational support was able to obtain an accuracy of 78.99% against the manual accuracy, this value is considered a high accuracy.