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O mentir pró-social em escolares: influências de idade, contexto social e consequências
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-04-13) Arruda, Daiane Araujo de; Souza, Débora de Hollanda; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3640676759708745; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7956042101555316
Lying with the purpose of gaining social acceptance is called prosocial lying. It serves to avoid embarrassment, to preserve privacy and affective bonds or even to escape from an embarrassing situation. Recent studies on prosocial lying have shown that children's assessments of this behavior vary depending on the social environment in which the interaction occurs and on the consequences of lying. Following this direction, the goal of the present study was to investigate how 7-, 9- and 11-years-old children evaluate prosocial lying in two experiments. In both experiments, participants heard stories during which the protagonist would either tell a prosocial lie; tell the truth and hurt the feelings of one friend; slander; or praise a friend. After hearing each story, children were asked to rate how good or bad the character's behavior was. In Experiment 1, participants heard eight stories, four taking place in a public setting and four in a private setting, thus creating a possibility to analyze whether children take into account the environment or social context to assess the behavior of others. In Experiment 2, children also heard eight stories; in four of them, the choice of the character would bring an important consequence to the other person in the future, whereas in the other four stories, for the consequence would be provided in the present moment. Sixty-nine children aged 7, 9 and 11 participated in Experiment 1; in Experiment 2, 72 children from the same three age groups. Results from Experiment 1 show that older children, more specifically 11-year-olds, considered that a blunt truth is better when spoken in a private setting than in a public setting, but there was no effect of environment when they evaluated prosocial lying. In Experiment 2, 11-year-olds rated a blunt truth more positively than a prosocial lie, however, the consequence of the choice made did not affect their assessments. Nevertheless, 11-year-olds rated more negatively lying when the consequence came later than when the consequence immediately followed the interaction, suggesting that these children were thinking about the possibility of the listener having problems later. The present work makes an important contribution to research on prosocial lying and, more comprehensively, research on moral development and cultural effects, in particular, by providing new evidence on the role of contextual variables for moral evaluation of lies and truths in a sample of Brazilian children.
Espectroscopia Raman amplificada por superfície associada à cromatografia em camada delgada para análise de amostras alimentícias
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-04-13) Soares, Frederico Luis Felipe; Carneiro, Renato Lajarim; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8065852319463976; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1064620847107189
Surface enhancement Raman spectroscopy (SERS) presents the advantages of conventional Raman spectroscopy with the possibility to detect compounds in low levels due to the enhancement on Raman intensity, generated by the molecule-nanoparticle system. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a fast and easy separation technique, that can be coupled to several analytical techniques in order to identify compounds. TLC-SERS is a relatively new technique, with only a few works published; however it presents the advantages of both techniques synergically. The use of nanoparticles adsorbed onto the TLC plate enables to obtain Raman spectra of the separated compounds even in low concentrations. Therefore, this work proposes the use of TLC-SERS in three different application of food interest: product authentication, food safety and stability studies. 1) In product authentication, it was analyzed Pilsner beer samples in order to obtain pattern recognition related to brand and brewery. Samples were prepared in TLC plates and sprayed with gold nanoparticle to promote SERS analysis regarding the elution line of the target analytes. The obtained results were compared by two chemometric methods of data decomposition and signal recovering: multivariate curve resolution (MCR) and independent component analysis (ICA). From the obtained chromatographic peaks was possible to perform fingerprint analysis and identify clustering pattern concerning sample brand and brewery location. 2) As food safety application, the aim was to develop and optimize an analytical methodology to quantify two veterinary drugs (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) in bovine milk. Central composite design was applied evaluating NaCl concentration and nanoparticles pre-concentration to optimize the analytical signal. The hyperspectral images obtained from TLC-SERS were processed using different chemometric methods. For trimethoprim, it was obtained recoveries of 82 – 112% in milk samples. Due to the high complexity of the samples, it was not possible to obtain reliable quantitative values for sulfamethoxazole. 3) For the stability study, it was kinetically assessed one red wine sample under different degradation conditions. For this, it was used a 2³ design of experiments varying pH, dissolved O2 and the presence of anti-oxidant agent. Samples were left in three stocking temperatures (4, 24 and 40 °C) and evaluated during 45 days. SERS chromatograms were analyzed using ICA, and from the chromatographic profile, it was possible to perform ANOVA-PCA where it was identified temperature and the presence of anti-oxidant agent as the most significant variables.
Indexicais descritivos: uma investigação semântico-pragmática
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-04-13) Dal Ava, Felipe Manca; Basso, Renato Miguel; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6984826176670527; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7742680273594369
In this dissertation, we will present a general introduction with some of the main ideas involving indexicals, and briefly touching the problem of their descriptive readings (descriptive indexicals). We will focus, in particular, on the general characteristics of Kaplanian theory (1989) and see some alternate theories (Hunter, Nunberg, Elbourne, etc.) that might add up and define how indexicals might behave. Soon after it, in the first chapter, we will present Kaplan's theory (1989) in its details, focusing mainly on the indexicals; specially on how Kaplanian functions (character and content) works, as well as scope and limitations of this kind of approach. In the second chapter, the longest of our work, we will highlight the main alternatives to Kaplanian theory, notably those that might consider descriptive readings of indexicals as viable. We will explore each one of those alternatives (Nunberg, Elbourne, Hunter, Kijania-Placek, Sæbø) and work with different examples and possible solutions to this linguistic problem. In the third and final chapter, we will take into account all theories presented and consider their advantages and disadvantages when dealing with descriptive indexicals.
Valorización de los residuos de la industria cervecera para utilización como biosorbente.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2018-04-13) Aldana, Carolina Estefania Duque; Camargo, Luciana; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6238603150964753; Waldman, Walter Ruggeri; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0616238673458322; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3876055449439610
The high costs of removing heavy metals and their toxic compounds has in recent decades, led to the demand for new and more efficient methods that are not only able to be removed but also recycled and reused since many of these metals have important industrial applications. In this search for sustainability, research has been done about the use of agricultural waste as absorbent, these lignocellulosic materials were found to be effective adsorbents of metal ions, which, chemically modified in most cases, increase their adsorption capacity. The present work used the two main residues of the brewing industry as a biosorbent: the barley bagasse biomass in three different sizes C80, C200 and C250 μm, and the biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, FUS05. The SEM/EDS and FTIR analysis showed the rough texture of the samples and the presences of hydroxyl groups, alcohols groups, some methyl aliphatic groups, and amino bands on the material, respectively. However, the FTIR analysis after adsorption did not show significant changes in the functional groups. The data of Cu removal using C250 and FUS05 particles were found the best fit for a pseudo-second order while using the C80 and C200 particles did not show a good fit in either of the two kinetic models used (pseudo-first and pseudo-second order). Regarding the equilibrium study, the data were found best fit both C80 and C200 particles to Freundlich model and the biomass of S. cerevisiae was better adjusted to the Langmuir model, thus ordering the material according to its level of efficiency was found: FUS05> C80> C200> C250. These results demonstrate the potential of this material as a biosorbent of Cu (II) ions in solution. Finally, in terms of the material's applicability, the C80 particle was used in an artificial effluent, getting a copper removal higher than 50% although the experimental data were not fitted to any kinetic model under study.