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Histórias da terapia ocupacional na América Latina: processos de criação dos primeiros programas de formação profissional
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-07-25) Monzeli, Gustavo Artur; Lopes, Roseli Esquerdo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1507752191797249; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0110941841939417
The thesis formulated here is based on questions about the reasons for the emergence or implantation of occupational therapy in Latin America and how the stories involving such processes are reduced to the reproduction of the history of the United States of America as if their reasons and contexts had been the same. The assumption that guided us was the search for the specific reasons in the different countries of the continent, in the Latin American. The general objective was to investigate the historical processes of creation of the first educational program in occupational therapy in each of the 14 countries that are members of the Latin American Confederation of Occupational Therapists. For this, the data presented here and discussed were constructed in four main stages: 1) design of the countries participating in the research; 2) identification of the participants, with the use of questionnaires and interviews; 3) search of historical records and scientific productions on the history of occupational therapy in each country; 4) analysis of the data produced by the questionnaires, interviews and historical records. The results of this thesis are evident in the discussion of historical pathways, from the creation of occupational therapy in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century, to the analysis of the main historical antecedents that provided the creation of the first professional training programs in Latin America countries from the 1950s onwards. The data analysis was proposed in eight dimensions: 1) the replication of educational programs models influenced by rehabilitation prospects of the Northern countries; 2) the formation of programs subordinated to medical logic; 3) the public for the educational programs composed mainly of women from urban elites to carry out social and humanitarian aid work; 4) the influence of World Federation of Occupational Therapy in determining guidelines for the curricula of new training programs; 5) international cooperation projects for the development of Latin America, mainly carried out by international organizations such as the UN, WHO, PAHO and ILO, which have contributed to the creation of standardized responses to the demands of rehabilitation; 6) regional cooperation, also mediated by international cooperation agencies, offering assistance for the graduation of professionals from other Latin American countries; 7) the professors of these first programs are, besides medics and occupational therapists from other countries, newly graduated occupational therapists, almost always from the training programs themselves; 8) the relation between the creation of the first educational programs and the political, economic and social situation in each country, which in some cases causes educational programs to to be boosted or receives little investment, mainly by the interest of States in developing, or not, strategies of care for the subjects and groups, in general, non-priority. The main conclusions allow us to point to the analysis of occupational therapy, at least in the scope of educational programs, as a product of the articulation between nation-states, by the logic of capital articulated to Coloniality.
Tecnologias na atenção primária à saúde: a atuação de enfermeiras na perspectiva do empoderamento social
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-07-25) Ordoñez, Lina Karina Bernal; Arantes, Cássia Irene Spinelli; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4246837549578145; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3204211395230599
This thesis has as a general objective to analyze the work process of nurses in Primary Health Care (PHC) in the development of technologies for the empowerment of users and health teams. It is a qualitative and exploratory research, in a case study modality, carried out with nurses from a small municipality in the state of São Paulo. To produce two empirical data, the following strategies were used: semi-structured interview, systematic observation and field diary recording. Was conducted 09 interviews, one with a nurse responsible for the coordination of the PHC of the municipality and 08 with nurses from family health units. Systematic observation of the work process of three nurses selected from the interviews was carried out. The information obtained from the observation was recorded in the field diary and completed the production of two research data. The given forums are analyzed in light of two principles of Social Empowerment anchored in liberating education and concepts related to the organization of the Process of Work in Health. To characterize the work process of PHC nurses, it was used as a tool for the construction of an analyzing flowchart. For general analysis, two data were used as reference for content analysis, in thematic modality. The results show a superficiality in the understanding of empowerment by nurses, instead of conceiving empowerment as giving voice to the PHC team and users. The flowcharts will allow a description of the activities carried out by nurses in PHC and will show the dynamics of the work process and differences in the productive process of each nurse: one in which live work is predominant and others in which dead work prevails. An analysis of the content of its origin in three categories: technologies with potential for the empowerment of users; technology with the potential for the empowerment of the health team and technology with the potential for the empowerment of nurses. The results showed the possibility of using various technologies with potential for social empowerment in PHC, even if their realization is conditioned by political and social determinants.
Sacarificação e isomerização simultâneas de dextrina na produção de xarope de frutose por ação sinérgica de CLEAs magnéticos de amiloglicosidase e Sweetzyme®
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2019-07-25) Fonseca, Murilo Amaral; Tardioli, Paulo Waldir; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0808991927126468; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2679414675992573
High fructose syrup is a sweetener widely used as a substitute for sucrose by the food and beverage industry. It has many advantages such as relative sweetness superior to sucrose, high solubility, crystallization resistance and humectant action. Its current industrial production is by enzymatic route basically occurring in three processes: liquefaction, saccharification and isomerization, by the action of the enzymes α-amylase, amyloglucosidase (AMG) and glucose isomerase (GI), respectively. Due to the fact that these enzymes are conducted under different conditions, all three processes are sequential, requiring time, equipment, and reagents for pH adjustment. Moreover, the enzymes α-amylase and amyloglucosidase are applied in a soluble form, limiting their use to batch operations. Due to its considerable industrial interest, glucose isomerase is marketed in its immobilized form. In the search for alternatives to increase productivity and efficiency of processes with lower operating costs, the aim of this research is to study the application of a simultaneous saccharification and isomerization process that could be operated repeatedly, reusing the biocatalysts employed. In order to develop this simultaneous multi-enzymatic process, initially it would be necessary to immobilize the AMG in order to make it insoluble and operationally more stable. The preparation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) is a simple, cost-effective and carrier-free technique capable of generating insoluble biocatalysts with high volumetric activity and improved stability. Its preparation consists of enzyme aggregation by precipitation and its subsequent cross-linking with a bifunctional agent. In this study, the CLEAs of AMG were prepared co-aggregated in the presence of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and/or starch, with aminated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) or bovine serum albumin (BSA), in order to improve the properties of the catalyst. The CLEAs prepared only with MNPs at different glutaraldehyde concentrations yielded a recovered activity of around 20%. The addition of starch or PEI increased the recovered activity around twofold (40%). Moreover, under the same conditions, AMG co-aggregated with BSA was also synthesized, yielding CLEAs with very similar recovered activity. Both CLEAs (co-aggregated with MNPs or BSA) were four times more stable than the soluble enzyme. These CLEAs were also evaluated in the hydrolysis of starch at 35% (w/v), achieving more than 95% starch-to-glucose conversion measured as Dextrose Equivalent (DE). Besides, both CLEAs could be reused for five cycles maintaining a DE of around 90%. Although both CLEAs had good properties, magnetic CLEAs could be more attractive because of their easy separation by an external magnetic field. Having the immobilized biocatalysts (AMG CLEA and GI) it was possible to work in a wider operational window, allowing the application of a factorial design with a central composite rotatable design, which was able to define an optimum pH and process temperature condition, as well as the best relation between the two enzymes. Simultaneous saccharification and isomerization from a dextrin solution 35% (w/v) reached a DE above 95%, with conversion yields around 48% of fructose at the end of 30 h of reaction. In addition, the catalysts could be reused for six consecutive cycles, maintaining conversion yields around 47% of fructose without loss of activity and with easy recovery of the biocatalysts. Furthermore, because they are of different natures (magnetic CLEA of amyloglucosidase and pellets of GI), if there is any inactivation of one of the biocatalysts, they could be easily separated and recharged individually.