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Ensino de matemática e conhecimentos de estudantes: diálogos para formação de professores dos anos iniciais na Educação de Pessoas Jovens e Adultas (EPJA)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-09) Souza, Maria Caroline Lima de; Sebastiani, Renata; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9773755519907716; Calzolari Neto, Anselmo João; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4906309581958797; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6512853602491279
This dissertation has as main objective to understand how the mathematical knowledge of the students of the Education of Young and Adult People (EPJA) can contribute to the formation of the multipurpose educator of the initial years (1st to 5th year) of Elementary School I. We emphasize that this theme it contributes to overcoming the understanding that mathematics is a “difficult” subject and aimed at a few people, who can understand it. To this end, we rely on the contributions of dialogical learning (AUBERT, et al., 2016), which allows us to understand education as an element for social transformation. In this way, we understand mathematical education, as (SKOVSMOSE, 2014), as a space for investigation, in which, through dialogue, we can constitute new learning that articulates the students' previous knowledge and mathematical concepts. Our research has a qualitative character and, therefore, we are based on the contributions of participating research, more specifically, on the “systematization of experiences”, as this methodology arises from the demands of popular education in Latin America. According to Jara (2008), the purpose of this research methodology is based on the proposal of taking a unique and unrepeatable experience and extracting lessons that can help other experiences. Thus, our experience took place in a municipal school that offers basic education (first to ninth grade) of EPJA. Three focus groups were held: one with the managers (Director and Teacher Pedagogical Coordinator), one with the teachers of the early years and one with the students of the fourth year. The objective of these groups was to conduct a discussion about the mathematics classes held by teachers in the school space that dealt with our research objects, such as how the math classes took place and whether the students in the class in question they understood that they had knowledge before entering school. The dialogues were recorded and their audios were transcribed. With the transcript in hand, it was possible to reconstruct and order our experience. Based on the data collected, in this process, we organized its categories of analysis, which allowed us to carry out the movement away from our practice and, with that, discuss the events, articulating them with our theoretical references. At the end of our analysis, we understand that the knowledge of EPJA students is of great value for the education of their educator, as they contribute to the educator taking a more critical stance and focused on the learning of their students, in addition to overcoming according to Skovsmose (2014) from the perspective of mathematics as a discipline that has only one answer. We conclude that the students' knowledge, therefore, allows the educator to have clues of the path he can take in the moments that comprise the mathematics classes, in order to guarantee the valorization of this knowledge. As arrival points, we see the importance of teaching and learning aimed at dialogue and egalitarian relations for education aimed at young people and adults
Extração automática de relações semânticas a partir de dados ruidosos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-09) Sardinha, Diorge Brognara; Cerri, Ricardo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6266519868438512; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9373920877859975
Relationship extraction is a task performed in text-based continuous learning systems, aiming to find semantic relationships between categories or entities. NELL is such a system, which suffers from supervised labeling in its relationship extraction. One of the algorithms attempting to solve this task for NELL is OntExt, but it does not handle noisy input very well, and is computationally expensive. However this algorithm has interesting properties in the context of NELL’s application, not available in other methods. In this work, it is proposed a variant of the algorithm to reduce the impact of its flaws, using a graph-based representation, which is flexible in the handling of outliers. This new method has a comparable precision and higher recall, compared to the existing method. It is also shown an efficient way to represent the problem using sparse structures, reducing the computational cost from minutes to seconds.
Estrutura e dinâmica da recolonização de invertebrados aquáticos em um lago temporário em uma área preservada de Cerrado e efeitos de metais sobre algumas espécies
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-09) Andrade, Douglas de Pádua; Moreira, Raquel Aparecida; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4388003923600701; Rocha, Odete; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7577441794992601; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1636215085940820
Given the urgency of using native species as test organisms in toxicity studies that reflect the typical properties of tropical systems and the need to analyze toxic or contaminating agents and evaluate possible effects on populations, communities and ecological interactions. This study aimed to analyze the invertebrate community and the factors that determine colonization in a temporary lagoon located in the Brazilian Cerrado, in order to generate information on the species that make up the local trophic structure, for later carrying out copper toxicity tests ( copper sulfate), cadmium (cadmium chloride) and mercury (mercury chloride) using native species. The sensitivity ranges of nine native species were determined, two amphibians (Boana faber and Scinax fuscovarius), one fish (Astyanax paranae), four aquatic insects (Culex sp., Berosini sp., Anax sp. And Belostoma sp.), an Oligochaeta (Dero digitata) and a Cladocera (Macrothrix spinosa). Subsequently, ecological interaction tests were performed, exposing two predators (Anax sp. And Belostoma sp.) To sublethal concentrations of the studied metals, and analyzing predation rates and food selectivity on four prey (Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, Ilyocryptus spinifer, Dero digitata and Chironomus inquinatus).
Protótipo vestível de sistema de navegação multimodal e interativo para auxílio customizável a pessoas com deficiências visuais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-09) Dourado, Antonio Miguel Batista; Pedrino, Emerson Carlos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6481363465527189; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3462738422154588
Visual impairment affects millions of people around the world nowadays. By not being able to rely on their vision, people often use other senses to compensate for the lack of vision, such as hearing and touch, when performing daily tasks. Sensory substitution is offered as an alternative to assist people with vision loss, through devices capable of recognizing the environment, obstacles, paths and then providing feedbacks that a visually impaired person can understand. However, the literature contains works that present navigation systems that are very distant from their adoption and without great concerns regarding the individuality of each user's preferences or even their specific needs/limitations. Based on these problems, the main goal of this thesis is to provide an alternative to autonomous and customizable navigation of visually impaired people, from the conception of a navigation system to its build as a functional prototype. Hence, in this thesis, it was developed an abstract model for interactive and customizable navigation systems to provide a baseline for the design and development of this type of system. This work also created a customization methodology for functional features of navigation systems, to offer a way to specify how it is possible to customize each feature of a customizable system. The abstract model and customization methodology resulted in a wearable prototype of a multimodal, interactive and customizable navigation system. This thesis also proposes the NSGA2CGP, an evolutionary and Cartesian multi-objective optimization method for automatic generation of optimized morphological filters, minimizing error and complexity to correct depth images from RGB-D cameras with areas of unknown distances that affect the segmentation process of vision-based navigation systems. NSGA2CGP method proved to be solid and capable of generating optimized filters to fix depth images with good diversity. The wearable prototype with the embedded navigation system was validated and then evaluated in experiments with members of the NGO PARA-DV, from the city of Araraquara / SP, that used the prototype in real environments such as the city streets and the Computing Department of Federal University of São Carlos, a total unknown environment to the members of the NGO. The result of the evaluation was the approval of the prototype, with important indications for the next steps of this work with new resources.
Vector representation of texts applied to prediction models
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-09) Stern, Deborah Bassi; Izbicki, Rafael; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9991192137633896; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0580971589615088
Natural Language Processing has gone through substantial changes over time. It was only recently that statistical approaches started receiving attention. The Word2Vec model is one of these. It is a shallow neural network designed to fit vectorial representations of words according to their syntactic and semantic values. The word embeddings acquired by this method are state-of-art. This method has many uses, one of which is the fitting of prediction models based on texts. It is common in the literature for a text to be represented as the mean of its word embeddings. The resulting vector is then used in the predictive model as an explanatory variables. In this dissertation, we propose getting more information of text by adding other summary statistics besides the mean, such as other moments and quantiles. The improvement of the prediction models is studied in real datasets.
Avaliação das propriedades psicométricas do questionário disabilities of the arm shoulder, and hand (DASH) em indivíduos com sintomas de impacto no ombro – análise rasch e classificação internacional de funcionalidade
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-09) Almeida, Rafaela Firmino de; Pereira, Natalia Duarte; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3408152349657748; Camargo, Paula Rezende; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7602596349127054; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0393520207204317
Introduction: Patients with shoulder impingement symptoms present affected the quality of life and upper limb function. The Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire is widely used to assess pain and function in these patients. However, no study has evaluated the psychometric properties of DASH in individuals with shoulder impingement symptoms and related the level of difficulty of the items with the descriptors of the International Classification of Functionality (ICF). Objectives: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the DASH questionnaire applied in individuals with shoulder impingement symptoms and to describe which ICF domains are influenced by the shoulder impingement symptoms based on the DASH questionnaire. Methods: Three hundred and ten individuals participated in this study of both sexes, aged over 18 years, who presented symptoms of impact on the shoulder. All participants underwent screening to assess the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. Individuals who met the eligibility criteria were assessed using personal aspects (age and sex) and body function (dominance of the affected side, chronicity of symptoms, and the onset of pain during arm elevation). The Brazilian version of the DASH questionnaire was used to assess pain and the function of individuals' upper limbs. Responses were assessed using the Rasch model. After analysis, the ranking of the results was correlated with the ICF. Results: The DASH questionnaire showed reproducibility of 0.93 and internal consistency of 0.95, demonstrated by the Intraclass Correlation Index and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. The item considered most difficult was 25 ("Arm, shoulder or hand pain when you performed any specific activity") and the easiest item 3 ("Turn a key"). Thirty-nine percent (n = 27) of the subgroup of 69 in individuals with shoulder impingement symptoms had maximum item scores. Item 15 ("Put on a pullover sweater") showed differential functioning by age, item 11 ("Carry a heavy object - over 10 lbs") by sex. Seven items showed differential functioning by the onset of pain during arm elevation . The most difficult items in the DASH questionnaire covered the domain "Body function" of the ICF. Conclusion: Although some psychometric properties of the DASH questionnaire are adequate by the Rasch model to assess individuals with shoulder impingement symptoms, adjustments are necessary for some items. Clinicians should exercise caution when interpreting the results, especially in patients with an onset of pain during arm elevation above 120º.
Biodiversidade de comunidades zooplanctônicas em lagoas salinas e de água doce do Pantanal Sulmatogrossense: aspectos taxonômicos, funcionais e ecológicos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-09) Reis, Karin de Paula; Rocha, Odete; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7577441794992601; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2120060797377218
In an ecosystem its main components, biotic and abiotic, operate and somehow together reach functional stability. Not only the water body is the local where communities live, but these also transform the environment in what it is, making each aquatic ecosystem unique, especially regarding interactions. The zooplankton is considered one of the main links between planktonic primary producers and consumers of higher trophic levels in the food webs of aquatic ecosystems. In the present study the taxonomical composition and functional diversity of zooplankton communities of six saline lakes and one freshwater lake of Nhecolândia, Pantanal, MS, Brazil. The saline lakes are extreme environments with high salinity and alkaline pH. Their zooplankton community had low richness of species and high population densities of resistant species as the rotifer Brachionus dimidiatus. In 2017 samplings, during dry season species richness was very low in saline lakes, with exception of saline lake SR07 with lowest salinity and pH, which had higher richness similar to that observed in all saline lakes sampled in the rainy periods of 2018 and 2019. Analysis of zooplankton functional diversity in saline lakes allowed the identification of 7 functional groups, being groups G1 (herbivorous littoral suspensivorous C with sexual reproduction) and group 7 (herbivorous pelagic suspensivorous C with asssexual reproduction) those including more species. Considering the small sizes of the water bodies studied the occurrence of seven functional groups is relevant. Gerente Bay, a freshwater lake in the same region had a diversified zooplankton community with 58 species (23 Rotifera, 28 Cladocera and 3 Copepoda), of common occurrence in Pantanal freshwaters. The life cycle of four species, Chydorus nitidulus, C. eurynotus, Macrothrix spinosa and Metacyclops mendocinus were studied in the laboratory. DNA barcode of three species of Cladocera, the first for zooplankton species of Pantanal were characterized, deposited in Genbank and compared with species from the Neotropical region and from other regions in the world.
A dedução transcendental B na Crítica da Razão Pura: o problema da unidade sintética e da unidade sensível
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-03-09) Marques, José Luciano Verçosa; Santos, Paulo Roberto Licht dos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1681044854219924; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5868300187607650
In §26 of B-Deduction of the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant states that space and time are not represented merely as forms, but as formal intuitions. Their representations presuppose a synthesis that gives them unity. The unit of this synthesis can be no other than the unit that intellectual synthesis gives to the manifold of an intuition in general, in accordance with the original synthetic unity of apperception. This condition, necessary for the development of the proof of the categories as objectively valid, brings with it two difficulties. The first difficulty concerns to the comprehension of the very intuitive nature of space and time, because, according to their metaphysical expositions, the unity of these representations plays a fundamental role in proving space and time as pure intuitions. The second difficulty concerns the status of the sensible given. Since space and time, which give the conditions under which something can be given, are represented by a synthetic unit, how then is it possible for something to be given previously and independently of a synthesis as an activity of understanding? To clarify this point, the present Thesis aims to demonstrate that space and time are only represented as pure intuitions under a determination of the understanding, wich unifies the conditions of giveness of the manifold under a synthetic unity. This activity doesn't produce the conditions of the giveness of the manifold, but only represents it under a concept of object. This means that the proper intuitive characteristic, the singularity, is not produced.In this way, the correlation marked by the codependency between understanding and sensibility must be analyzed in relation to a demonstration that requires examining the active sphere of understanding concomitantly to sensibility and vice versa. With this, we try to demonstrate that the objective representations of space and time, although they are represented by means of a synthesis, what defines them as intuitions remains and is verified as the understanding unifies their representations. In this way, it is possible to comprehend that the unification of these representations by understanding is not a necessary condition for something to be given, but only so that the given can be apprehended as an object.