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Abordagem colaborativa para segmentação de áreas degradadas e regeneradas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-27)
Pereira, Rodolfo Luiz Cugler
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Rossi, André Luis Debiaso
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/5604829226181486
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Felipussi, Siovani Cintra
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2119337662024862
Forests have huge environmental, social and economic importance. However, over the years they have been destroyed and transformed into pastures, agricultural fields, etc. Due to the popularity of remote sensing images, specifically the images acquired by the Landsat satellite series, several studies were proposed to find, monitor and analyze deforestation rates. However, researches indicate that images with higher spatial resolutions can overcome the results. Segmentation of remote sensing images is a crucial factor to support the inspection of deforested areas. Literature has different segmentation and pattern recognition techniques that have been used to solve this problem. Furthermore, these studies show the results of hybrid segmentation methods are better than single methods. Therefore, this research proposes a collaborative framework to segment and classify deforested areas. This approach analyzes four different segmentation methods (SAVI, AM techniques, multi-scale segmentation method and the marker-controlled watershed-based segmentation method) to suggest deforested areas in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Results were compared with real environmental infractions found by the Military Environmental Police of the State of São Paulo manually and proved to be promising. Therefore, the proposal for a collaborative approach to suggest degraded areas becomes relevant as an approach to help the inspection of deforestation by police.
Políticas públicas e imóveis ociosos: aplicabilidade da função social a favor do envelhecimento
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-27)
Portes, Filipe Augusto
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Gonçalves, Luciana Márcia
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9491069760631962
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Monteiro, Luzia Cristina Antoniossi
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2890278808923978
The demographic transition represents a complex and unprecedented phenomenon in the history of mankind, and never before has there been such a large number of elderly people in the world. Projections point out that in Brazil population aging tends to intensify in the coming decades, requiring relevant strategies on the part of public authorities and society. Concomitantly, Brazilian cities have unequal conditions, marked by socio-spatial segregation, and reveal a considerable idle real estate stock. This scenario contradicts the principles laid down by the legislation and tends to represent an even greater problem in view of the current demographic dynamics. Therefore, it is understood the importance of actions and policies that promote the right to the city, especially those most vulnerable. In this sense, this work systematizes alternatives to demands that are interrelated with the progress of population aging, based on the precept of the social function of property and based on legislative analysis of legal-urban instruments. Thus, it is understood that social inclusion, made possible through the democratization of urban space, represents a key element in the promotion of conditions relevant to old age. Thus, this research aimed to analyze the presence of idle properties in the central region of the municipality of Araraquara (SP), aiming at the applicability of the social function, requalifying them for housing and / or social facilities that serve people in the old age phase. The study has a cross-sectional, descriptive and exploratory character, based on the assumptions of the quantitative-qualitative method of investigation. This work represents an outline of a larger project, entitled “Right to the City and the Elderly: proposal for requalification of idle properties”, which was carried out with regular assistance from FAPESP (process nº 2017 / 15781-9). In other words, from the field visit phase until the verification of active debt, there was a significant minimization of the findings. In view of the data analysis and analysis, it was possible to identify 62 properties without proper use, 28 of which had been in this situation for at least five years. Of this sample, only 10% had active debt, expressing requirements for action by mechanisms such as the Instituto do Abandono. Such an outcome demonstrates that the link between abandonment and tax burdens, provided for by the legislation, weakens the principles that support the social function of property. Thus, it is possible to perceive the potential of instruments such as PEUC and Social Leasing, which lack specific regulations and applicability at the municipal level. Finally, it could be seen that socio-spatial segregation is a reality fueled by the inapplicability of existing provisions in the constitutional and infraconstitutional wording, exposing the lack of commitment of public agents, among other major factors that make up urban inequality. Thus, the presence of idle properties represents an obstacle to the realization of the right to the city, bringing with it socio-environmental damage inconceivable in the face of contemporary incitement.
Desenvolvimento de metodologias de divulgação científica por meio de pesquisa e produção de mangás
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-27)
Iwata, Adriana Yumi
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Lupetti, Karina Omuro
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/5198051111079064
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0857992716549884
Science communication can be defined as any practice that proposes to spread the science to the public, with the purpose of arousing interest and motivation in science, as well as informing and disseminating scientific knowledge. This work did an analysis of the state of the art in the production of comic books that introduce scientific topics – science comics - and its reach as entertainment and information media, as well as discussing its potential to teach and /or disseminate science. The objectives of this work were the elaboration and analysis of science communication methodologies involving the use of comics, especially using the Japanese sequential art - manga. The methodology used comprised a series of non-formal activities divided into two lines of research: production of comic books made by the researcher and production of comics by the public, and the scientific theme used in these comics produced focused on the theme of glass. The results obtained showed the potential of comic books as a tool for science communication, both as reading material as an activity that promotes creativity and the development of stories, and the research was successful in developing and validating a methodology using comics as a tool for science communication, using glass as a scientific theme. Activities involving science and art has the possibility to increase the interest of the general public regarding scientific subjects, presenting the science in a different and playful way.
Adição de resíduo de casca de eucalipto em matriz de pvc com diferentes concentrações e tamanhos: caracterização do resíduo e do compósito
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-27)
Scapolio, Luiz Guilherme Barbin
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Leão, Alcides Lopes
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9554636745216452
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Scuracchio, Carlos Henrique
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0896060959622431
Brazil is the largest producer of short fiber cellulose worldwide, mainly obtained from eucalyptus, which is a fast-growing tree. Due to this high production of cellulose, large amounts of eucalyptus bark residues (EBR) are generated, which, because it is a low-cost material, was chosen as the theme of this work, verifying the possibility of using, adding value to it. Thus, the influence of the addition of ground EBR with different sizes of granulometry - between 75μm and 250μm and between 300μm to 850μm - was evaluated as a load in a PVC matrix in the range of 10 to 40 phr, aiming to obtain composites known as plastic wood. The processing method used was calendering, followed by hot pressing. To understand the residue, chemical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and length-by-diameter (L/D) tests were performed. With the composite were carried out tests of density, tensile, flexural, impact, heat deflection temperature (HDT), moisture absorption and SEM of the fracture tensioned samples. Acicular and irregular shapes were observed in the fillers, as well as the presence of calcium oxalate. In relation to composites, improvements were obtained for the tensile and flexural modulus with the increase in the amount of filler added, wherein the fibers of smaller particle size showed a small positive difference in relation to those of larger particle sizes, however there was a decrease in elongation at break and impact resistance. With SEM it was possible to verify the detachment and pull-out of the fibers in tensile, showing their low adhesion to the matrix. Thus, the use of EBR proved to be possible, however, adjustments in the processing are still necessary to reach the proper properties, investigating the effects of compatibilizers and aging on the composite.
Leitura compartilhada por professores para ampliação das interações comunicativas e linguagens em crianças
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-27)
Menotti, Ana Rubia Saes
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Domeniconi, Camila
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9684535663947328
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9336960748460625
During childhood language difficulties have been identified as a risk factor for social and academic development. Shared story reading plays an important role in promoting the language. The general objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of an intervention program applied by teachers to expand vocabulary and the number of conversations initiated by children in Early Childhood Education, inserted in regions with low socioeconomic status. The thesis had its secondary objective to systematically evaluate the possible effects of this intervention on the acquisition of written language. The work was organized in two studies. Study 1 aimed at verifying the effects of continuing formation with teachers of early childhood education, which should put into specific strategies during shared reading, stimulation of children's oral language and the generalization of these strategies in other daily activities. Study 2, with the general objective of verifying the impact that the continuing formation performed with the teachers in Study 1 had on the development of the children's oral and written language, considering that the teachers started to use more consistently in their classrooms some strategies that they are considered by the literature as efficient for oral language promotion in the school context. The intervention performed in Study 1 showed evidence of changes in teachers' practices, especially in times of shared reading (Study 1), but this result was not enough to verify the increase in oral and written language competence of children who were inserted in the classroom of the teachers participating in the training (Study 2). We discuss the need for refinement of the instruments used to assess children's language competence and also for more lasting and continuous interventions throughout early childhood education.
Da construção do instrumento à roda de viola: cultura caipira e multifuncionalidade rural em Limeira, SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-27)
Silva, Átila Ramirez da
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Norder, Luiz Antonio Cabello
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0080353709980071
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7469225152408711
This work analyzes the socio-cultural dimension of rural multifunctionality processes and presents a discussion about the rural and its festive aspects. It points to the multiple interactions in the rural environment and its dynamics, which awakens new uses and possibilities of rural spaces beyond agriculture. While reporting the inhabited rural space, it presents a discussion on infrastructure in rural territories. It addresses the cultural festivities of rural communities as an important role in the local cultural formation, more precisely the festivities of folias de reis, Cururu, São Gonçalo, São João, Santo Antônio and São Pedro. It presents a case study of viola caipira and rural (re) involvement in the pre-settlement Elizabeth Teixeira in Limeira (SP); held between October 2017 and October 2018. The project held six workshops on the construction of the viola caipira and, through the viola circle, promoted meetings to create a dialogue on cultural educator spaces, from the perspective of Cultura Caipira. In this work, the methodologies used involved bibliographic research, censuses and research in photographic and documentary collections related to the reflection on rural development, religious events and parties. The work favored the creation of indicators of rural (re) involvement and allowed us to understand that what integrates the individual with the territory is the way in which it is related to aspects of nature, culture, language, location and its praxis.
Incidência da ferrugem do eucalipto (Eucalyptus urograndis) em diferentes arranjos agroflorestais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-27)
Agápto, João Paulo
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Jesus Junior, Waldir Cintra de
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2614953467362376
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Franco, Fernando Silveira
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3218633711361955
Considered one of the main eucalyptus diseases, rust (Puccinia psidii) can cause serious damage to the crop if adequate management strategies are not implemented. In general, there is eucalyptus monoculture, with important epidemiological implications, given the fact that the spatio-temporal dynamics of the disease is affected by the distribution of the culture in the field. There is no information in the literature about the development of rust in consortium condition, such as in an agroforestry system. The aim of this study was to compare the rust progress in eucalyptus intercropped with different species, under natural infection conditions. The experiment consisted of three treatments, arranged completely randomly in space. In each treatment the eucalyptus was planted with two different species, namely: T1 - Australian Cedar (Toona ciliata) + Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urograndis) + Banana (Musa acuminata); T2 - consortium Amora (Morus celtidifolia) + Eucalyptus + Pupunha (Bactris gasipaes), and T3 - African Mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) + Eucalyptus + Banana. Each treatment had six repetitions, totaling 18 plots of 9 m2 (2 m x 4.5 m), arranged in alleys. Plant height and diameter, disease incidence and severity were analyzed every fifteen days. The data were collected in two different moments: pre-pruning that was in the period from 08/17/2018 to 09/01/2019 and post-pruning that occurred from 17/04/2019 to 08/13/2019. We used ANOVA followed by the Tukey test, to evaluate differences among treatments. Eucalyptus presented better development in height and diameter in the T2 treatment. The intensity of disease was also significantly lower in T2, both in incidence and severity. The results suggested that the eucalyptus planted in consortium with Amora + Eucalyptus + Pupunha provided less rust intensity.
O circuito curto de comercialização para o desenvolvimento rural: um estudo sobre as feiras-livres de Arapiraca, AL
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-27)
Silva, Danielle Viturino da
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Borges, Janice Rodrigues Placeres
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2373278362705384
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1044077606994515
The short commercialization circuit, although still in the consolidation phase of the theoretical framework, in Brazil, has several documented local, national and international initiatives. For the study context, the short commercialization circuit is considered a space responsible for direct transactions, which involve monetary values or not, where there is, the presence of even an intermediary. In view of the above, the objective of this work is to carry out a study on how a short commercialization circuit (CCC) contributes to rural development, having as an empirical reference the so-called “Popular Fairs of Family Farming”, located in the municipality of Arapiraca, in the countryside of Alagoas. For this, the quantitative and qualitative approaches were chosen, with several steps outlined: i) bibliographic review centered on five themes: modern agri-food system, short marketing circuits, open markets, family farming and research techniques; ii) recognition visits to the study areas, that is, to the two fairs in the municipality, iii) construction of the primary data collection instrument and its pre-test, iiii) field research, with the application of a questionnaire, conducting recorded interviews and direct observations on the spot. As a result, it was found that the fairs studied are presented as an important commercial space, as they are the spaces that enable the direct sale of products, without the presence of intermediaries, this scenario generates greater financial autonomy for farmers and family farmers. Finally, it can be said that these direct sales, still enabled an amplitude in the network of contacts of the marketers and the construction of relationships based on trust and reciprocity between producer and consumer.
Obtenção de mantas de poli (ácido lático) por fiação por sopro em solução e sua caracterização para uso em sistemas de microfiltração
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-27)
Azerêdo, Marina Soares de
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Marconcini, José Manoel
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/5373845785326215
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0424553161533796
In order to remediate the difficulty of access to safe drinking water by 1/3 of the world population and the need to use new processes for obtaining materials, membranes produced by solution blow spinning (SBS) have a great potential for use in liquid filtration due to their small pores (0,2 to 10 µm) and high porosity (>80%), being capable of retaining particles and even microorganisms. In this context, the objective of this work was the production and characterization of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) mats obtained by SBS technique to be morphologically, thermally and mechanically evaluated, as well as to observe their water flux and rejection / retention properties. First, the concentrations of 10 and 16% w/v of PLA/dichloromethane solution were selected due to being the limit concentrations of the semi-diluted regime. Then, process parameters such as injection rate and air pressure were selected from an experimental design of type 23, where the effect of these properties and the solution concentration on the fiber diameters was observed. The non-woven mats produced were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal analysis (TGA and DSC), tensile testing, water flux and rejection performance of alumina particles and retention of E. coli bacteria. It was observed that the lower concentration of polymeric solution led to the obtention of mats with smaller average fiber diameter, greater crystallinity, impacting on their greater tensile strength. The results of water flux showed that the mats obtained from the solution with higher polymer concentration had less resistance to the water flow, being an indication of larger pore diameters. In rejection tests of alumina particles and retention of bacteria, both types of mats had similar performances, with ~34% of rejection of alumina particles and 7% of retention of bacteria. Therefore, this work correlated structure-processing-properties in liquid filtration of PLA mats obtained by the promising technique of solution blow spinning, which presents a series of advantages over the common techniques to obtain nanofibrous membranes.
Remoção de fósforo em efluente por meio de adsorção em bentonita modificada, TechPhos®
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-28)
Assis Abilio, Monica Cristina de
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Fadini, Pedro Sérgio
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3255060531838427
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3321946521824323
Most of the human activities that use water produce effluents which can contain large amounts of contaminants, such as organic matter, nitrogen compounds, phosphates and metals. In developing countries, the vast majority of wastewater is discharged directly into the environment, without any kind of treatment. In Brazil, usually wastewater treatment plants perform only the primary and secondary stages and do not apply technologies to remove nitrogenous and phosphate compounds from their effluents. High concentrations of these compounds in the water bodies can cause damage to the aquatic life, especially phosphorus, the main responsible for eutrophication processes. Phosphorus is essential for the development of living organisms and is also used in a large scale for soil fertilization and world food production. Phosphorus used to manufacture fertilizers are extracted from phosphate rocks, which are non-renewable sources of this nutrient. The aim of this research is to investigate the removal of phosphorus from the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant Monjolinho of São Carlos city (WWTP Monjolinho), for the purpose of improving the quality of the effluent, protecting aquatic life and to propitiate an alternative of reusing this phosphorus for soil fertilization and plants nutrition. Phosphorus removal strategies were evaluated by struvite precipitation, precipitation as calcium orthophosphates and finally adsorption on a modified mineral clay (modified bentonite). Important parameters in the struvite crystallization process were evaluated, such as pH, concentration of constituent ions, agitation gradient and induction time, however the process proved to be unfeasible, because none struvite crystallization was observed. In the precipitation study of calcium orthophosphates, different pH values were carried out and evaluated, using a calcium source, also unsuccessful in the precipitation processes. Jartest tests were also performed with a mineral clay modified for phosphorus adsorption, and in combination with the application of polymer and polyaluminium chloride (PAC). From the adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm studies, the process proved to be favorable, obtaining a maximum adsorption capacity of 3.08 mg P g-1 of adsorbent. In view of the results, the feasibility of using modified bentonite for the removal of phosphate compounds in effluent was observed, with phosphorus removal of up to 97% in combination with PAC, thus obtaining an optimized condition for the removal of phosphorus in the effluent of WWTP Monjolinho.
Descrevendo regiões de imagens através de redes neurais profundas e abstract meaning representation
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-28)
Almeida Neto, Antonio Manoel dos Santos
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Almeida, Tiago Agostinho de
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/5368680512020633
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Caseli, Helena de Medeiros
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/6608582057810385
The world around us is composed of images that often need to be translated into words. This translation can take place in parts, converting regions of the image into textual descriptions. The description of the region of an image is the transformation of the information contained in this area into words in natural language, to express the way objects relate to each other. Recently, computational models that seek to perform this task in a similar way to human beings are being proposed, mainly using deep neural networks. As a way to improve the quality of the sentences produced by one of these models, this work verified the employability of the Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) semantic representation in the generation of descriptions for image regions. AMR was investigated as representation formalism, as an alternative to natural language, using it with some variations, so that the machine learning model, using deep neural networks, was able to predict sentences in such representation. The hypothesis of this study, that the use of sentences in the form of AMR would result in better descriptions, was partially confirmed, since the model trained with AMR was superior in almost all evaluations.
Diretrizes para o desenvolvimento de empreendimentos do tipo Student Housing: análise dos novos produtos e necessidades dos estudantes
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-28)
Muller, Hyago Maurício Bremm
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Marques Neto, José da Costa
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2392932422695163
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9498771534702374
Student housing was discussed in the literature under the aspects of residential preference and satisfaction; inducing factors of behavior and demand in the real estate market; and influencing variables in choosing the habitation. However, the works that approach topics about real estate meant for students and the new products of the Brazilian real estate market, specifically the ones named Student Housing, are scarce. The problems related to the supply of real estate meant for students in Brazil, mainly in university towns, are directly linked to the low quality of the built environment and the absence of researches that identify the students’ needs. As a solution, there is the Student Housing model, which emerges in an innovative way, once it is concerned about the quality of the built environment, offers equipped and furnished rooms, presents a diversity of services and conveniences, and also provides a complete internal infrastructure for studies, physical activities, leisure and entertainment. However, in order to become competitive in the Real Estate sector, being able to generate income and keep it viable during the operation period, innovating is not enough, it is necessary to capture value, identifying which factors are really important for the target audience. In this context, the present work proposed, initially, through a comparative study of seven Student Housing real states, to investigate the main characteristics of this product model. Such information, added to the bibliographic review of the literature, allowed the exploration, through a survey, of university students’ opinion about the importance of four preestablished requirements (rent, location, services and facilities, and project). Moreover, the preference in the choice for a housing unit through the conjoint analysis technique was also examined, a technique used to correlate typology, number of occupants, and rent prices. The results pointed out that students consider it is very important that their habitations are located near the higher education institution and supermarkets, and present easy access to public transportation. They also indicated that the real estates must offer flexible (shorter) rental agreements; no guarantor/security deposit, a single bill (all inclusive) and also common areas which meet their needs, such as: study room; gym/fitness area; areas for parties with barbecue grills; social area/solarium/garden; private areas with individual bedrooms and bathrooms; private dining room/kitchen with furniture and equipment (kitchenware and appliances). Other important factors are the offer of Wi-Fi internet services in the unit (private area); reception (24/7); cleaning and maintenance of the unit (private area); minimarket/snacks; laundry services; and photocopies and printing services. Finally, the results of the conjoint analysis showed typology as the most important attribute compared to the number of occupants and rent price. Moreover, the results also showed that there is a higher attractiveness for one type of housing unit: standard apartments, projected for individual occupation and with a rent price interval ranging from R$1.100,00 to R$1.700,00. Based on that, fourteen guidelines were suggested to orient the student real estate market agents in the development of their products.
Estudo do crescimento de nanocristais de TiO2
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-29)
Moura, Bruno Rodrigues de
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Leite, Edson Roberto
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1025598529469393
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/6463354407273176
STUDY GROWTH OF TiO2 NANOCRYSTALS In the last three decades, the development of nanotechnology has become a reality in many areas of industry and science, already reaching applications in society in sectors such as: health, information technology, transport, energy, food security and the environment. Despite all the research work already done, there are still gaps, mainly in the process of growth and morphology of nanocrystals. Such knowledge is essential for the nanostructures to present the expected gains in optical, mechanical, electrical and magnetic properties, such characteristics are directly dependent on the shape and size of the nanostructures. The processes of nucleation and crystal growth have been studied since the beginning of the 20th century, with the most accepted mechanism for explaining this phenomenon the Ostwald ripening process, where the largest particles grow at the expense of the smallest ones. However, this proposed model does not explain the growth observed in many nanocrystal syntheses. In 1998, Penn and Banfield, proposed a new growth model called oriented attachement, where growth is described as a kind of self-assembly of close crystals when the collision occurs between the faces of these crystals, being these on the same crystallographic orientation. Since then, much effort has been made to better understand the oriented attachment mechanism. In this context, the objective of this work was to study and control the growth process of nanocrystals, using TiO2 nanocrystals as a model, employing a solvent-controlled solvothermal synthesis route, using a titanium alkoxide and oleic acid as a precursor for obtaining nanocrystals. Parameters such as concentration and synthesis time were evaluated, using the techniques of characterization of transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis to evaluate the results. The hypothesis that led this study was to verify whether it is possible to grow nanocrystals outside the reaction medium of synthesis. In this work, the results achieved will be presented, with emphasis on the influence of morphology on the stability of TiO2 nanocrystals when exposed to radiation, the growth observed by side-by-side oriented attachment and the growth of nanocrystals after the reaction step in reaction medium different from the initial.
Learning trajectories visualizations of visual programming on the computational thinking context
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-29)
Vieira, José Michel Fogaça
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Zaina, Luciana Aparecida Martinez
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0192085115595443
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8526887772689607
The ever growing importance of computers and their use created a need for the teaching of computational thinking. In order to better analyze the learning process of the students, teachers and researches often resort to alternative ways of teaching and analysis like visual programming and learning trajectories. Learning trajectories are the steps or paths the students follow as they learn. The task of analyzing the learning trajectories falls upon the area of information visualization. This field of knowledge and research aims to present and extract meaning by creating visual representations of data, the so called visualizations. In this context, this work objective is to propose new literature based and interactive intensive visualizations to represent learning trajectories in order to further enhance the computational thinking learning process by helping teachers to analyze student's learning trajectories. A usability evaluation was conducted with the participation of 23 elementary school teachers and gathered their understanding and feedback in order to assess the usability, acceptance, effectiveness and expressiveness of the proposed visualizations with good overall results. This study contributions besides the proposed visualizations include a new way of organizing visualizations based on layers of representational and interaction aspects and the knowledge gathered about what seems to increase the effectiveness of the visualizations according to the educators perspective.
Rotas verdes para obtenção de nanocelulose em biorrefinarias: desenvolvimento de estratégias via hidrólise enzimática e com ácidos orgânicos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-29)
Bondancia, Thalita Jessika
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Farinas, Cristiane Sanchez
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9933650905615452
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/1654721179575206
The growing demand for materials from sustainable sources with potential to replace petroleum-based polymers in technological applications projects lignocellulosic biomass as a promising raw material. In this context, nanocellulose has attracted interest due to its numerous properties and functionalities. In this work, different green routes associated with the concept of biorefinery to obtain cellulose nanocrystals (NCC) and cellulose nanofibrils (NFC) in biorefineries were studied. Initially, the use of different enzymatic cocktails was investigated obtain nanocellulose from eucalyptus cellulose pulp (model material) were evaluated. The results showed that cocktails with greater activity of the enzymes xylanases and endoglucanases favored the achievement of more uniform nanometric structures. In contrast, higher glucose release was reached when the enzymatic hydrolysis was performed by complexes containing the class of polysaccharide lytic monoxygenase enzymes (LPMO), which also resulted in nanostructures with higher crystallinity levels. Another method evaluated for nanocellulose extraction was the hydrolysis with citric acid, an organic acid that can be obtained in a biorefinery concept. This approach resulted in a single-step extraction and esterification of the nanocelluloses. Also, the charged surface groups of these nanomaterials improved the colloidal stability of the suspensions in aqueous medium. Another advantage of this method was the higher thermal stability of these nanomaterials compared to those obtained by using sulfuric acid. Based on these results, the use of the enzymatic route and citric acid for sugarcane bagasse was evaluated. Initially, study involved hydrothermal treatment, organosolv followed by the sugarcane bagasse bleaching by a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide. After these treatments, the bagasse was hydrolyzed by a commercial cellulolytic cocktail in order to obtain the glucose release integrated with the production of nanostructures. The subsequent study involved the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pre-treated bagasse by the hydrothermal process, which after the release of fermentable sugars was treated by the organosolve method and successively bleached submitted. The bleached residual material was then submitted to three different acid treatments: sulfuric acid, citric acid and a mixture of both acids. In both studies, after the organosolv treatment, 55.8% of the residual lignin was recovered with the potential to be used in other applications. The enzymatic route allowed the obtention of nanostructures with high thermal stability associated with a high glucose release, which can be used in the production of ethanol, organic acids and other bioproducts. The extraction by citric acid and by using a mixture of acids resulted in a nanocellulose with high thermal stability and good colloidal stability, attributed to the presence of charged functional groups on the material surface. In addition, all methods resulted in nanocellulosic materials with a high crystallinity index. Finally, the results here obtained by using different green routes for nanocellulose production may contribute to the selection of the method according to the desired application, in order to add value to the biorefineries residues.
Symmetric and non-symmetric Jack Functions
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-29)
Hindi, Felipe de Mattos Chafik
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Schützer, Waldeck
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8638200922501477
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9184090304582276
The goal of this dissertation is to present the theory of Jack functions from the standpoint of algebraic combinatorics. The presentation of symmetric functions is largely centred on the first chapter of MacDonald's "Symmetric Functions and Hall's Polynomials" [7]. Symmetric and non-symmetric Jack functions are characterized by Sahi-Knop's [4] combinatorial formulas. Moreover, Stanley's Pieri-type rule [15] for symmetric Jack functions and Schützer's [13] Pieri-type rule for non-symmetric functions are thoroughly described.
Production, soil amendment and sustainability of sugarcane trash biochar
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-05-29)
Nakashima, Gabriela Tami
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Yamamoto, Hiroyuki
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7817296537223703
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Yamaji, Fábio Minoru
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4787449634914831
In the past, sugarcane was harvested manually with the aid of fire to facilitate cutting. And because of the Law of the State of São Paulo n. 11,241, which establishes the end of the use of the burning, the sugarcane trash that was previously burned, today is a residue in the plantations. To add value and give a better destination to this residue, some alternatives for its use as raw material are studied. Biochar is a product of pyrolysis of biomass, rich in carbon, which has qualities as a soil conditioner. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis were: to verify the best conditions (pyrolysis temperature and residence time) for biochar production of sugarcane straw and its characterization (Chapter 2), how the biodegradation of this biochar influences for carbon sequestration (Chapter 3) and check the development of sugarcane seedlings with the addition of percentages of biochar in soil (Chapter 4). To verify the best conditions for biochar production (Chapter 2), 6 treatments with 3 different pyrolysis temperatures and 2 residence times were chosen: 200 °C - 2 hours, 200 °C - 4 hours, 325 °C - 2 hours, 325 °C - 4 hours, 450 °C - 2 hours, 450 ° C - 4 hours. The treatments were submitted to proximate analysis, gravimetric yield, porosity, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and hydrophobicity test. For biochar biodegradation (Chapter 3), the treatments were: sugarcane straw in natura, 200 °C - 2 hours, 325 °C - 2 hours, 450 °C - 2 hours. These biochars were characterized by their elemental composition (C - carbon, H - hydrogen, N - nitrogen). The biochar (6.3 g/flask) was incubated in 4 flasks by treatment with characterized soil. The quantification of the gases (CH4, CO2, NO2) was performed to verify the influence of biochar on carbon sequestration will occur in a period of 85 days, one sampling per week. For pot experiment (Chapter 4), the biochar produced at 330 °C - 1 hour was mixed to the soil in different application rates: 0 t ha- 1, 1 t ha-1, 5 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1, 30 t ha-1. It was installed 15 plots per dosage/treatment, totalizing 150 plants. Height and diameter measurements were collected every 20 days for 257 days. At the end of the pot experiment it was obtained the dry mass of the aerial part and roots. The soil used was analyzed chemically before and after the pot experiment. The results of the characterization of the biochar produced by Chapter 2, showed that the pyrolysis temperature was a factor that has more influence on the final characteristics of the biochar than the residence time. In Chapter 3, it was observed that the highest rates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were released by treatments with in natura and with biochar 200 ° C, with treatments at 325 °C and 450 °C being more stable and resistant to biodegradation. In Chapter 4, the incorporation of biochar did not result in improvements in the growth of sugarcane but did influence the increase in the pH of the soil. In general, the 325 °C biochar with 2 hours of residence time showed enough results for its application to the soil. Biochar has also proved to be a viable alternative for reducing GHG emissions.
As cirurgias espirituais no contexto espírita paulista e a edificação hospitalar do Instituto Medicina do Além
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-06-01)
Ferreira, Sérgio Baetta
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Souza, André Ricardo de
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7016915324466152
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4123200507394680
Health treatments performed with doctrinal assimilation, the imposition of hands and magnetized water play a central role in spiritism and are recommended by the spiritist Federations to the affiliated centers. Regarding the spiritist therapeutics, there are also "spiritual or mediumistic surgeries", which are considered controversial in the spiritist scenario due to the questionable trajectory of some of the people dedicated to it and the accusations of charlatanism associated with such practice. This dissertation highlights the activities carried out at the Instituto de Medicina do Além (IMA), which is headed by the medium João Berbel. The institution located in the city of Franca, countryside of São Paulo, performs mediumistic surgery and, besides making it clear that this practice is complementary to the traditional medicine, they are also building a conventional hospital. Thus, this research analyzes the leaders’ guidelines in São Paulo’s spiritist partition, which is linked to the União das Sociedades Espíritas (USE) and to the Associação Médico-Espírita, about the practice of spiritual surgery performed by the medium João Berbel and investigates how the process of institutionalization of the Hospital of Charity can re-signify the dilemma that permeates this practice. We seek to understand how the Spiritist movement sees the spiritual surgery, especially highlighting the degree of acceptance and rejection of this practice. A fieldwork was carried out at the Instituto de Medicina do Além (IMA), between 2017 and 2020. To achieve the goals of this research, in addition to the fieldwork, we summarized the most important mediums of the 20th century and explained how the practice of surgery became a controversy in the Spiritist milieu. We based our studies on the Weberian theory of rationalization of the spheres of value (WEBER, 1982, 2000b) - in this case, the religious one - and the theory developed by Pierre Bourdieu on the notion of field and religious work (BOURDIEU, 1984). We investigate how the "mediumistic surgery" is performed by João Berbel – the medium ahead of the IMA. We examine the speeches that refer to the acceptance or rejection of this practice in the Spiritist milieu and if there is resistance how people demonstrate it; moreover, we show how these leaders see the construction of the hospital; finally, we seek to understand how the interaction between spiritual treatments and palliative medicine happens and what are the difficulties faced by the institution to consolidate the hospital project. The field research revealed a certain dilemma in the Spiritist milieu regarding the ‘surgical’ practice, on one hand the statement of the members of USE points to a certain reservation with regard to the practice, especially due to the idea of karma, on the other hand the AME leaders do not mention the notion of karma and its members recognize the practice as a recommendable complementary therapy. In addition to that, the medical professionals who work together with the president of the AME-Regional Franca in the implementation of the hospital unit, reinforce the recognition of the practice in the Spiritist religious field.
Morfologia da copa e crescimento de espécies arbóreas de cerrado em campo e em câmaras de topo aberto sob elevada concentração de CO2
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-06-01)
Melo, Nayara Magry Jesus
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Souza, João Paulo de
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/6366723862615278
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Prado, Carlos Henrique Britto de Assis
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7561749470600567
The Cerrado is a vegetation complex marked by climatic seasonality. It is savanna vegetation with the highest biodiversity in the world, the second-largest biome complex in South America, and the most significant hotspot in the Western Hemisphere. The degree of leaf deciduousness (deciduous, semideciduous, and evergreen) grouped Cerrado woody species. The intensity of the loss of foliage area is part of a strategy to cope with climatic seasonality in the Cerrado. Leaf deciduousness is interdependently related to other canopy characteristics such as architecture, branching pattern and bud content. On the other hand, there are significant differences in the responses of the canopy between woody species in the Cerrado to climate changes on our planet, such as the high concentration of CO2 [CO2]. One aim was to identify relationships between the content and development of aerial buds with the pattern of crown biomass allocation and seasonality. Another objective was to capture the influence of the elevation of [CO2] on the growth of Cerrado tree species in the initial growth phase. Through the following relationships, we seek to disclose possible functional groups of trees. We determined: (1) the composition and development of the aerial buds in 15 trees species with different patterns of leaf deciduity and relationship between bud development and climatic seasonality. (2) branch growth, leaf life span, and branching pattern in 15 trees species with distinct leaf deciduous patterns. (3) the influence of high atmospheric [CO2] and the vegetative growth and the allocation pattern biomass into roots, stems, and leaves of five tree species. The central hypothesis is that the permanence of the foliage would be a characteristic related to the structure of the crown evidenced by the morphological characteristics of shoots, the content of buds, and the responses of the species to the climatic changes. The deciduous species presented buds with preformed leaves surrounded by cataphylls and bud opening before the rainy season. The semideciduous ones presented buds with pre and neoformation of leaves. Only the semideciduous Eriotheca gracilipes K. Schum. had buds surrounded by cataphylls. The evergreen species showed buds with newly formed leaves, without the presence of cataphylls and bud opening after the beginning of the rainy season. The deciduous species presented plagiotropic branches with an of 35º. The majority of semideciduous and evergreen tree species had orthotropic branches with 60º and 61º, respectively. The deciduous species showed higher (p<0.05) speed of leaf expansion and shorter time of leaf and branch development concerning semideciduous and evergreen species. The leaf life span did not differ between the phenological groups. All deciduous, semideciduous, and evergreen species Miconia ligustroides (DC.) Naudin, Myrcia bella (Cambess.), Piptocarpha rotundifolia (Less.), and Schefflera macrocarpa (Cham. & Schltdl.) Seem. produced one branch order in growing season. Only evergreen Miconia albicans (Sw.) edified two orders of branching in the same growing season. Individuals of deciduous species Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata (Benth.) e Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth & Hook. F. ex. Moore under high [CO2] showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in dry mass of leaves and stem in relation to individuals under [CO2] ambient. Only deciduous T. aurea under high [CO2] showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the relative growth rate. The species T. aurea (deciduous), Stryphnodendron adstringens Mart. (semideciduous) and Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. Ex Hayne. (evergreen) under high [CO2] showed shorter leaf expansion time and more prominent leaf expansion speed (except for H. stigonocarpa) about individuals under [CO2] ambient. The tree species groups were joited by bud pre-formation or neoformation, synchronic or continuous leaf producion, and plagiotropic or orthotropic shoots. It indicated the existence of at least three functional groups of tree species with different strategies for acquiring airspace. The increase in [CO2] made it possible to capture different strategies for capturing and using resources in the phenological groups, thus forming functional groups in Cerrado tree species.
Reforma do Ensino Médio: o debate da audiência pública - região Sul
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-06-02)
Zago, Mayara Amanda Pratta
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Mancuso, Maria Inês Rauter
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3208435983286140
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7748982480463709
The object of this research is the public hearing on the third version of the National Common Curricular Base - a document whose objective is to guide the school curriculum of basic education - held in Florianópolis, in May 2018. Since 2015, public hearings to discuss this Base were being held in many regions of Brazil. The research objective is aimed at understanding the conflict settled between the positioning of the parts concerning the transformation in the Brazilian educational system, which was established in 2016. The whole year was marked by ruptures and changes, but one, the Reform in High School, among so many, became the subject of debates, protests, and occupations - especially because it was an act enacted by a Provisional Measure. The theoretical perspective used goes through Bourdieu to think about dispositions, disputes, and the role of the school institution, and also Thompson to think about social conflict. To achieve the research objective, it was necessary to transcribe the audience's video for reading and analysis of the participants' positions. There was also a historical retrospective of education in Brazil, and a historical retrospective of the creation of the institutions that participated in the audience. This path made it possible to relate provisions to the content of the debate and to identify aspects of the reform that can be compared to other events in the history of our country. Even though the establishment of the Base may mean the defeat of a significant part of the positions expressed in the debate, the verbalization of divergences, contradictions, and the experience of a democratic space thus constructed are indelibly integrated, through experience, to the construction of identity.